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{"sheet":"Introduction ","index":0,"n_rows":29,"n_cols":9,"rows_kept":29,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"www.myChemE.com"]
[null,null,"Standard Line Sizing Spreadsheet For Steam"]
[]
[]
["Introduction"]
["This spreadsheet can be used to calculate pressure drops in steam lines, taking account fittings (such as bends,"]
["valves and other equipment items)."]
[]
["The spreadsheet is split into the following sections"]
[]
["-  ","A \"How to Use This Calculation\" Worksheet"]
["-  ","The Pressure Drop Calculation Worksheet itself - marked \"Calculation\" "]
["-  ","A Theory Worksheet which presents the equations used in the calculation. "]
[]
["It is recommended that the user first reads the 'How to Use These Calculation' worksheet before starting a "]
["calculation."]
[]
[]
["Revision"]
["Rev. 1","Initial issue  ",null,null,null,null,null,"2010-02-20"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
["Disclaimer:  This calculation provides an estimate for estimating pressure drops in steam pipelines.  We cannot be held"]
["responsible for its use.  As with all areas of process engineering, calculations should be  checked by a competent engineer."]

{"sheet":"Calculation","index":1,"n_rows":117,"n_cols":19,"rows_kept":117,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[0,0,0,5],[4,0,4,7],[5,1,5,5]]}
["Standard Line Sizing Spreadsheet For Steam"]
[null,null,null,null,null,"Revision 1"]
["Steam Properties provided by:"]
[]
["See 'How to use these Calculation' worksheet for notes on its use.  "]
["Calculation Title:"]
[]
["From:"]
["To:"]
["Pressure & Temperature Data"]
["Upstream Pressure","bar (g)",1.0,{"$f":"C39","v":"#NAME?"},"#NAME?","#NAME?"]
["Temperature","degC",200.0,{"$f":"C12","v":200},200,200]
["Steam Properties Data"]
["Phase ",null,{"$f":"IF(region_pt((C11+1.01325)/10,C12+273.15)=2,\"Steam\",IF(region_pt((C11+1.01325)/10,C12+273.15)=1,\"Liquid\",\"ERROR\"))","v":"#NAME?"},"#NAME?","#NAME?","#NAME?"]
["Steam Viscosity","Cp",{"$f":"my_pT((C11+1.01325),C12)*1000","v":"#NAME?"},"#NAME?","#NAME?","#NAME?"]
["Steam Density","kg/m3",{"$f":"rho_pT((C11+1.01325),C12)","v":"#NAME?"},"#NAME?","#NAME?","#NAME?"]
["Pipe Data"]
["Nominal Line Diameter","inches",2.0,0.75,0.75,0.75]
["Pipe Schedule",null,80.0,40.0,40.0,40.0]
["Pipe Material Type",null,"Steel (New)","Steel (New)","Steel (New)","Steel (New)"]
["Internal Diameter","inches",{"$f":"HLOOKUP(C18,$C76:$S88,C73,FALSE)","v":1.939},0.824,0.824,0.824]
["Internal Diameter","mm",{"$f":"C21*25.4","v":49.2506},20.9296,20.9296,20.9296]
["Flowrates"]
["Mass Flow","kg/h",200.0,{"$f":"C24","v":200},200,200]
["Volumetric Flow","m3/h",{"$f":"C24/C16","v":"#NAME?"},"#NAME?","#NAME?","#NAME?"]
["Line Velocity","m/s",{"$f":"IF(region_pt((C11+1.01325)/10,C12+273.15)=2,C24/3600/C16/C60,\"ERROR\")","v":"#NAME?"},{"$f":"D24/3600/D16/D60","v":"#NAME?"},"#NAME?","#NAME?"]
["Pres drop per 100m","bar/100m",{"$f":"(4*C67*C16/(C22/1000)*C26^2/2)/100000*100","v":"#NAME?"},"#NAME?","#NAME?","#NAME?"]
["Line Losses"]
["Pipe Length","m",120.0,0.0,0.0,0.0]
["Number of 90o bends",null,25.0,0.0,0.0,0.0]
["Number of valves ",null,5.0,0.0,0.0,0.0]
["Check Valves",null,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0]
["T-Piece straight run",null,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0]
["T-Piece as elbow",null,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0]
["Other Pressure Drops"]
["Other Pressure Drops","bar",0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0]
["Summary"]
["Total Pressure Drop","bar",{"$f":"C26^2/2*C68*C16/100000+C36","v":"#NAME?"},"#NAME?","#NAME?","#NAME?"]
["Downstream Pressure","bar (g)",{"$f":"C11-C38","v":"#NAME?"},"#NAME?","#NAME?","#NAME?"]
[]
["Notes"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
["This spreadsheet calcluates pressure drop based on the upstream steam conditions.  Consequently, the "]
["calculated pressure drop will be an underestimate.  To obtain reasonable accuracy ensure that the total pressure"]
["drop is not more than 10% of the upstream pressure in each column.  See \"How to Use This Calculation\" for"]
["details."]
[]
["Disclaimer:  This calculation provides an estimate for estimating pressure drops in steam pipelines.  We cannot be held"]
["responsible for its use.  As with all areas of process engineering, calculations should be  checked by a competent engineer."]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
["Pressure Drop Correlation"]
["Pipe X-Sectional Area","sq.m",{"$f":"PI()*(C22/1000)^2/4","v":0.00190507875},0.0003440422173,0.0003440422173,0.0003440422173]
["Reynolds Number, Re",null,{"$f":"C26*C22/1000*C16/(C15*0.001)","v":"#NAME?"},"#NAME?","#NAME?","#NAME?"]
["Pipe roughness, e","mm",{"$f":"IF(C20=\"Steel (New)\",0.05,IF(C20=\"Tubing/Glass\",0.002,IF(C20=\"Cast Iron\",0.26,IF(C20=\"Concrete\",0.3,IF(C20=\"Riveted Steel\",5,\"\")))))","v":0.05},0.05,0.05,0.05]
["e/d",null,{"$f":"C62/C22","v":0.001015216058},0.002388961089,0.002388961089,0.002388961089]
["Churchill Correlation"]
["A",null,{"$f":"(2.457*LN(1/((7/C61)^0.9+0.27*(C63))))^16","v":"#NAME?"},"#NAME?","#NAME?","#NAME?"]
["B",null,{"$f":"(37530/C61)^16","v":"#NAME?"},"#NAME?","#NAME?","#NAME?"]
["Fanning friction factor, f",null,{"$f":"2*((8/C61)^12+1/(C66+C65)^1.5)^(1/12)","v":"#NAME?"},"#NAME?","#NAME?","#NAME?"]
["Number of velocity heads",null,{"$f":"C67*4*C29/(C22/1000)+C30*0.8+C31*1.2+C32*1.5+0.1*C33+C34*0.8","v":"#NAME?"},"#NAME?","#NAME?","#NAME?"]
[]
[]
[]
["Piping Dimensions"]
["Lookup Table Reference",null,{"$f":"IF(C19=\"5S\",2,IF(C19=\"10S\",3,IF(C19<60,C19/10+2,C19/20+4)))","v":8},6,6,6,{"$f":"IF(G31=\"5S\",2,IF(G31=\"10S\",3,IF(G31<60,G31/10+2,G31/20+4)))","v":2},2,2,2]
[]
["LOOK UP TABLE FOR PIPE DIMENSIONS"]
["Pipe Nominal Diameter (Inches)",null,0.5,0.75,1.0,1.5,2.0,3.0,4.0,5.0,6.0,8.0,10.0,12.0,14.0,16.0,18.0,20.0,22.0]
["Schedule","5S",0.71,0.92,1.185,1.77,2.245,3.334,4.334,5.345,6.407,8.407,10.482,12.438,13.688,15.67,17.67,19.624,21.624]
[null,"10S",{"$f":"0.674","v":0.674},0.884,1.097,1.682,2.157,3.26,4.26,5.295,6.357,8.329,10.42,12.39,13.624,15.624,17.624,19.564,21.564]
[null,20.0,"ERROR","ERROR","ERROR","ERROR","ERROR","ERROR","ERROR","ERROR","ERROR",8.125,10.25,12.25,13.376,15.376,17.376,19.25,21.25]
[null,30.0,"ERROR","ERROR","ERROR","ERROR","ERROR","ERROR","ERROR","ERROR","ERROR",8.071,10.136,12.09,13.25,15.25,17.124,19.0,21.0]
[null,40.0,0.622,0.824,1.049,1.61,2.067,3.068,4.026,5.047,6.065,7.981,10.02,11.938,13.124,15.0,16.876,18.812]
[null,60.0,"ERROR","ERROR","ERROR","ERROR","ERROR","ERROR","ERROR","ERROR","ERROR",7.813,9.76,11.626,12.812,14.688,16.5,18.376,20.25]
[null,80.0,0.546,0.742,0.957,1.5,1.939,2.9,3.826,4.813,5.761,7.625,9.562,11.374,12.5,14.312,16.124,17.938,19.75]
[null,100.0,"ERROR","ERROR","ERROR","ERROR","ERROR","ERROR","ERROR","ERROR","ERROR",7.437,9.312,11.062,12.124,13.938,15.688,17.438,19.25]
[null,120.0,"ERROR","ERROR","ERROR","ERROR","ERROR","ERROR",3.624,4.563,5.501,7.187,9.062,10.75,11.812,13.562,15.25,17.0,18.75]
[null,140.0,"ERROR","ERROR","ERROR","ERROR","ERROR","ERROR","ERROR","ERROR","ERROR",7.001,8.75,10.5,11.5,13.124,14.876,16.5,18.25]
[null,160.0,0.466,0.612,0.815,1.338,1.687,2.624,3.438,4.313,5.187,6.813,8.5,10.126,11.188,12.812,14.438,16.062,17.75]
[null,"XS",0.546,0.742,0.957,1.5,1.939,2.9,3.826,4.813,5.761,7.625,9.76,11.75,13.0,15.0,17.0,19.0,21.0]
[null,"XXS",0.252,0.434,0.599,1.1,1.503,2.3,3.152,4.063,4.897,6.875,8.75,10.75,"ERROR","ERROR","ERROR","ERROR","ERROR"]
[]
[]
["PIPE DIAMETERS"]
[0.5]
[0.75]
[1.0]
[1.5]
[2.0]
[3.0]
[4.0]
[5.0]
[6.0]
[8.0]
[10.0]
[12.0]
[14.0]
[16.0]
[18.0]
[20.0]
[22.0]
[]
["PIPE TYPES LIST"]
["Tubing/Glass",0.002,"mm"]
["Steel (New)",0.05,"mm"]
["Steel (Corroded)",1.0,"mm"]
["Cast Iron",0.26,"mm"]
["Concrete",0.3,"mm"]
["Riveted Steel",5.0,"mm"]

{"sheet":"How to Use This Calculation","index":2,"n_rows":136,"n_cols":9,"rows_kept":136,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"www.myChemE.com"]
["Standard Line Sizing Spreadsheet For Steam",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Revision 1"]
[]
["HOW TO USE THIS CALCULATION"]
[]
["1.0","Introduction"]
["This spreadsheet can be used to calculate pressure drops in steam pipelines, taking account of inline fittings "]
["(such as bends, valves and other equipment items)."]
[]
["The spreadsheet has four columns which link from one to the next.  This can be used to break a piping system "]
["down into a number of component sections, if needed."]
[]
["2.0","How to use this spreadsheet"]
[]
["2.1","Colour Coding"]
[null,"The following colour coding is used:"]
[]
[null,null,"Boxes shaded light green require a user input."]
[]
[null,null,"Boxes shaded light blue give a calculated output."]
[]
["2.2","Calculation Description"]
[null,"The spreadsheet leaves space to add a Calculation Title at the top, and a Notes Section at the bottom"]
[null,"of the sheet.  At the top of the calculation column are two boxes ('To' and 'From') to indicate the pipe "]
[null,"route."]
[]
[null,"Although these items are not strictly necessary, they help describe the calculation - this can be "]
[null,"invaluable it is to be checked by another engineer.  The 'To' and 'From' Sections are particularly useful"]
[null,"if the calculation is split over several columns."]
[]
["2.3","Pressure & Temperature Data"]
[null,"The user enters the upstream pressure and the steam temperature in the first column.  The spreadsheet"]
[null,"then calculates the downstream pressure - based on the flow, physical property and pipeline data entered"]
[null,"(see below).  The downstream pressure from the first column is transferred across to the upstream pressure"]
[null,"of the second column, thus allowing a pipework network to be built up.  "]
[]
[null,"The steam temperature is copied across to the other columns (although this can be overwritten, if required)."]
[]
["2.4","Steam Properties"]
[null,"The spreadsheet calculates steam properties (i.e. steam density and viscosity) using IAPWS Steam IF97 "]
[null,"and IAPWS \"Revised Release on the IAPWS Formulation 1985 for the Viscosity of Ordinary Water "]
[null,"substance\"."]
[]
[null,"These values use Macros taken from electronic steam tables provided from:"]
[]
[null,null,null,"http://www.x-eng.com"]
[]
[null,"IAPWS defines the water-steam thermodynamic system into 5 regions, these are:"]
[]
[null,null,"Region 1 for the liquid state from low to high pressures,"]
[null,null,"Region 2 for the vapor and ideal gas state,"]
[null,null,"Region 3 for the thermodynamic state around the critical point,"]
[null,null,"Region 4 for the saturation curve (vapor-liquid equilibrium),"]
[null,null,"Region 5 for high temperatures above 1073.15 K (800 °C) & pressures up to 10 MPa (100 bar)."]
[]
[null,"The steam properties are calculated for region 2 only.  For temperatures and pressures outside this range,"]
[null,"the spreadsheet returns an error message.  A further discussion on IAPWS can be found here"]
[]
[null,null,null,{"$f":"HYPERLINK(\"http://www.cheresources.com/iapwsif97.shtml\",\"IAPSW Link\")","v":"IAPSW Link"}]
[]
["2.5","Pipe Data"]
[]
[null,"2.5.1","Nominal Pipe Diameter"]
[null,null,"The spreadsheet allows the user to choose from a range of nominal pipe diameters.  Available "]
[null,null,"nominal pipe sizes are: ½\", ¾\", 1\", 1½\", 2\", 3\", 4\", 5\", 6\", 8\", 10\", 12\", 14\", 16\", 18\", 20\" "]
[null,null,"and 22\"."]
[]
[null,"2.5.2","Pipe Schedule"]
[null,null,"The spreadsheet allows the user to choose from a range of available pipe schedules "]
[null,null,"(thicknesses) - these are: 5S, 10S, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, XS and XXS.  "]
[]
[null,null,"By entering the nominal diameter and schedule, the spreadsheet automatically retrieves the "]
[null,null,"correct internal diameter of the pipe.  It should be noted that not all combinations of nominal "]
[null,null,"diameter and schedule are permissible; if the wrong combination is selected the spreadsheet "]
[null,null,"displays an error.  A list of standard pipe sizes can be found by clicking on the link below:"]
[]
[null,null,null,{"$f":"HYPERLINK(\"http://www.mycheme.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=53:pipe-sizes&catid=37:tech-data&Itemid=58\",\"List of Standard Pipesizes\")","v":"List of Standard Pipesizes"}]
[]
[null,null,"On occasions, the user may wish to calculate a pressure drop for a non-standard pipe.  In this "]
[null,null,"case, the user can simply over write the internal diameter cell on the spreadsheet (either in "]
[null,null,"inches or mm)."]
[]
[null,"2.5.3","Pipe Schedule"]
[null,null,"The pressure drop per unit length is affected by the pipe surface roughness - which depends "]
[null,null,"on the materials of construction.  The spreadsheet is provided with a range of possible pipe "]
[null,null,"material types: glass/tubing, steel (new), steel (corroded), concrete and riveted steel.  By "]
[null,null,"selecting the piping material type, the spreadsheet automatically sets the surface roughness.  "]
[]
["2.6","Flowrates"]
[null,"The user enters the required steam mass flowrate in kg per hour.  The spreadsheet then calculates the "]
[null,"volumetric flowrate (in m3/s), the line velocity (m/s) and the pressure drop per unit length."]
[null,"(in bar/100m)."]
[]
[null,"The calculated line velocity and pressure drop per unit length can be used to assess whether the pipe"]
[null,"diameter is reasonable for the required flowrate."]
[]
["2.7","Line Losses"]
[null,"The spreadsheet can now be used to determine the line losses (pressure drop) through the system.  The "]
[null,"user enters the total pipe length, as well as the number of inline fittings (bends, valves and Tee-junctions).  "]
[null,"The spreadsheet then calculates the line losses - see Summary Section below."]
[]
["2.8","Other Pressure Drops"]
[null,"As well as line losses, the spreadsheet allows the user to enter other pressure drops not accounted for in."]
[null,"the line losses.  These could be:"]
[]
[null,null,"-  ","Pressure drops due to orifice plates."]
[null,null,"-  ","Pressure drops due to inline instrumentation."]
[null,null,"-  ","Pressure drops due to control valves"]
[null,null,"-  ","Pressure drops due to equipment items"]
[]
[null,"Changes in pressure as a result of changes in elevation are invariably negligible in steam lines and are"]
[null,"ignored."]
[]
["2.9","Summary"]
[null,"The summary section provides a summary of the total pressure drop and the calculated downstream "]
[null,"pressure."]
[]
[null,"Unlike water and other liquids, steam is compressible.  Therefore, its density changes with pressure.  If the "]
[null,"pressure drop calculated is too great, the density and line velocity will change appreciably.  This will result in"]
[null,"errors in the calculation.  It is worth noting that as this method uses the density at the upstream conditions, "]
[null,"the spreadsheet will under-estimate the actual pressure drop."]
[]
[null,"To obtain reasonable accuracy ensure that the total pressure drop in each column is no more that 10% of"]
[null,"the upstream pressure.  If the pressure drop is greater than 10%, split the calculation over more than one "]
[null,"column (See Section 3, \"Building a Piping Network\" below)."]
[]
["3.0","Building a Piping Network"]
["For pressure drop calculations down a single pipe, only the first column of the pressure drop calculation needs to"]
["be used.  The other three calculation columns can be ignored."]
[]
["However, for more complex piping systems, the other calculation columns can be used to build up a piping network"]
["This can be very useful if, for example, the user needs to determine pressure drop in distribution systems."]
[]
["To make this easier, the downstream pressure of the first column is used as the upstream pressure of the second"]
["column and so on.  The physical property and flowrate data entered in the first column is copied across to the"]
["other three columns to make it easier to set up a network - these values can be overwritten, if required."]

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["Revision: 1",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"www.myChemE.com"]
["Standard Line Sizing Spreadsheet For Steam"]
[]
["CALCULATION THEORY"]
[]
["1.0","Introduction"]
["This spreadsheet can be used to calculate pressure drops in pipelines, taking account of inline fittings (such as"]
["bends, valves and other equipment items.  To use the spreadsheet, follow the instructions given in the \"How to"]
["Use this Spreadsheet\" Worksheet."]
[]
["This worksheet presents the equations and algorithms used in the calculation and discusses elements of fluid flow"]
["theory."]
[]
["2.0","Calculation of Pressure Drop "]
[]
["2.1","Determining Pipe Dimensions"]
[null,"Commercial pipes come in standard sizes, specified in terms of the nominal pipe diameter, and the pipe "]
[null,"schedule.  The spreadsheet has this information already stored within the calculation worksheet, linked"]
[null,"to the internal diameter (in inches).  The spreadsheet retrieves the correct internal diameter using a Lookup"]
[null,"command. "]
[]
[null,"The internal diameter, d, (in metres) is used to calculate the cross-sectional flow area, A, (in square metres) "]
[null,"using Equation 1:"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
["2.3","Determining Steam Properties "]
[null,"Steam physical properties (i.e. density and viscosity) are taken from IAPWS Steam IF97 and IAPWS"]
[null,"\"Revised Release on the IAPWS Formulation 1985 for the Viscosity of Ordinary Water substance\".  More"]
[null,"information is available via the following link:"]
[]
[null,null,null,{"$f":"HYPERLINK(\"http://www.cheresources.com/iapwsif97.shtml\",\"IAPSW Link\")","v":"IAPSW Link"}]
[]
["2.3","Determining the Line Velocity"]
[null,"The line velocity, u, (in m/s) is calculated using Equation 2:"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Where:"]
[null,null,"m  -","Mass flowrate (in kg/s)"]
[null,null,"A  -","Cross-sectional flow area (in m2)"]
[]
["2.4","Calculation of the Reynolds Number"]
[null,"The Reynolds number is a dimensionless group giving a measure of whether to flow is laminar or turbulent."]
[null,"It is used to estimate the friction factor (see below).  A discussion on Reynolds Number and its importance "]
[null,"can be found via the following link:"]
[null,null,null,null,{"$f":"HYPERLINK(\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynolds_number\",\"Reynolds Number\")","v":"Reynolds Number"}]
[]
[null,"The Reynolds number, Re, is calculated using Equation 3:"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Where"]
[null,null,"m  -","Viscosity (in Pa.s)"]
[]
["2.4","Calculation of the Pipe Relative Roughness"]
[null,"The pressure drop from flow down a pipe - at least in turbulent flow - is affected by the roughness of the "]
[null,"pipe surface.  Obviously, the pipe roughness is determined by the pipe materials of construction.  The"]
[null,"spreadsheet provides typical pipe roughness values for a range of materials i.e."]
[]
[null,null,"Materials",null,"Pipe Roughness"]
[null,null,"Tubing/Glass",null,{"$f":"0.002/1000","v":0.000002},"m"]
[null,null,"Steel (New)",null,{"$f":"0.05/1000","v":0.00005},"m"]
[null,null,"Steel (Corroded)",null,{"$f":"1/1000","v":0.001},"m"]
[null,null,"Cast Iron",null,{"$f":"0.26/1000","v":0.00026},"m"]
[null,null,"Concrete",null,{"$f":"0.3/1000","v":0.0003},"m"]
[null,null,"Riveted Steel",null,{"$f":"5/1000","v":0.005},"m"]
[null,null,"Table 1:  Roughness values for different pipe materials"]
[]
[null,"The effect of pipe roughness becomes less important as the pipe diameter increases, thus the spreadsheet"]
[null,"calculates the pipe roughness relative to the pipe diameter using Equation 4."]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Where:"]
[null,null,"e   -    ","Pipe roughness (in m)"]
[null,null,"d -  ","Pipe internal diameter (in m)"]
[]
["2.5","Calculation of the Fanning Friction Factor"]
[null,"The Fanning Friction Factor is a dimensionless number which, along with the pipe velocity, can be used to "]
[null,"estimate the pressure drop of flow down a pipe.  It is a function of the Reynolds number and, for turbulent"]
[null,"flow, the pipe relative roughness.  An introduction to the Fanning Friction Factor can be found via the "]
[null,"following link:"]
[null,null,null,{"$f":"HYPERLINK(\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanning_friction_factor\",\"Fanning Friction Factor\")","v":"Fanning Friction Factor"}]
[]
[null,"The Fanning Friction Factor can be determined from Charts (Moody Diagram) or by using an empirical"]
[null,"equation.  A number of Friction Factor Correlations are available in the literature, the one used in this "]
[null,"spreadsheet is the Churchill Correlation see Equations 5, 6 and 7."]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Where"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"and"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"The Churchill Correlation is used as it is applicable to both laminar and turbulent flow - this is not the case "]
[null,"all correlations."]
[]
[null,"It should be noted that the Fanning Friction Factor is NOT the same as other Friction Factors: i.e. Darcy"]
[null,"and Moody"]
[]
["2.6","Calculation of the Pressure Drop per Unit Length of Straight Pipe"]
[null,"The pressure loss as steam flows down a straight length of pipe is given by the Darcy Equation.  This"]
[null,"is expressed in Equation 8 below."]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Where"]
[null,null,"DPPipe  -  ","Pipe line pressure drop (in Pa)"]
[null,null,"LPipe  -  ","Pipe length (in m)"]
[]
[]
[null,"An introduction to the Darcy Equation is given via the attached link:"]
[]
[null,null,{"$f":"HYPERLINK(\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darcy%E2%80%93Weisbach_equation\",\"Introduction to the Darcy Equation\")","v":"Introduction to the Darcy Equation"}]
[]
[null,"It should be noted that the form of the equation presented via this link uses the Darcy Friction Factor, which"]
[null,"is four times larger than the Fanning Friction Factor.  Equation 8 can be adapted to calculate the Pressure "]
[null,"per 100 metres by setting LPipe to 100 and converting from Pa to Bar - see Equation 9."]
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["2.7","Calculation of the Pressure Drop Through Pipe Fittings"]
[null,"The Pressure Drop through pipe fittings (e.g. Pipe bends, Valves, T-Pieces) can be expressed in terms of"]
[null,"a Resistance Coefficient, K, where:"]
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[null,"N.B.  It can be seen from Equations 8 and 10 that the Resistance Coefficient equates to (4fFanningL)/d for"]
[null,"a straight length of pipe.  The spreadsheet uses the following Resistance Coefficients for different pipe"]
[null,"fittings "]
[]
[null,null,"Fitting",null,null,"Resistance Coeff, K"]
[null,null,null,null,"90o Bends",0.8]
[null,null,null,null,"Valve",1.2]
[null,null,null,null,"Check Valve",1.5]
[null,null,null,null,"Straight Tee piece",0.1]
[null,null,null,null,"Thru' Tee Piece",0.7]
[null,null,"Table 2:  Resistance Coefficient for different pipe fittings"]
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[null,"Obviously, these values are approximate as K is affected by factors such as radius of the bend and the "]
[null,"valve design.  A detailed list of Resistance  Coefficients for different pipe fittings is given in Cranes' Flow "]
[null,"of Fluids book - see link below."]
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[null,null,null,{"$f":"HYPERLINK(\"http://www.flowoffluids.com/\",\"Flow of Fluids Technical Guide \")","v":"Flow of Fluids Technical Guide "}]
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[null,"The Line Losses value given in the spreadsheet is the sum of the DPPipe and DPFittings."]