[1강 – Gateway]

[Flow Edu] flowedu.tistory.com

EBS 수능특강 Light 영어 (2022) – 지문정리 (문제 제작용)

Dear Ms. Larson, I am writing to you with new information about your current membership. Last year, you signed up for our museum membership that provides special discounts. As stated in the last newsletter, this year we are happy to be celebrating our 50th anniversary. So we would like to offer you further benefits. These include free admission for up to ten people and 20% off museum merchandise on your next visit. You will also be invited to all new exhibition openings this year at discounted prices. We hope you enjoy these offers. For any questions, please feel free to contact us. Best regards, Stella Harrison

[1강 - Exercise 1]

Dear Mr. Jones, I notice you are the editor for How to Raise Poodles for Fun and Profit by Sue Smith. Would you consider looking at a proposal for a poodle book that focuses on health, obedience, and grooming? For 12 years, I have been the owner of Oodles of Poodles, a boutique specializing in poodle care. We do haircuts, styling, bathing, nail trimming, and poodle "charm school," and I am uniquely qualified to offer poodle owners a lot of valuable advice on these subjects. May I send you a proposal for a nonfiction, do-it-yourself book, aimed at poodle owners, on taking care of their pet poodles? A self-addressed stamped envelope is enclosed for your reply. Thanks, Dick Smithers

[1강 - Exercise 2]

Dear Mr. Diamond, Four months ago I purchased a guitar at your store. I was pleased with the excellent service and am happy with the guitar. At the time of purchase, I agreed to a purchase price of $800, including tax. You were offering an interest-free installment plan, and I signed up to make eight payments of $100 each until the amount was paid in full. I have had some unexpected medical bills and find that it is difficult for me to make the $100 payment for the next four months. Could my payment plan be restructured so that I can make 8 more payments of $50 each? I hope you can help me. Thank you, Ken Smith

[1강 - Exercise 3]

Dear D. K. Entertainment, We've had the pleasure of providing cleaning services to your firm for the last three years. During that time our prices have remained constant. Due to increased costs, however, we must increase our rates. In order to continue giving you the best possible service, we must work with the best employees and we must use the best materials. For these reasons, we will increase our rates by 7%. Still, we think this is a competitive rate for the services you receive. This change will go into effect on March 1. If you have any questions, please give us a call. We look forward to continuing to provide you with the best service possible. Sincerely, Kevin Shaw Service Manager

[1강 - Exercise 4]

Dear Ms. Carfax, We are sorry that the flowers you ordered for your holiday office celebration arrived in an unacceptable condition. Thank you for the dated photograph; it was helpful to us in assessing the problem. It appears that somewhere between our store and yours, the flowers were exposed to the below-zero temperatures we had that week. This would result in the wilted, browned appearance shown in the photograph. We are following up on this matter with our delivery people. It is too late to save your holiday celebration, but we would like to make amends by, first, crediting your charge card for the entire amount of the flowers and, second, offering you complimentary flowers of equal value for your next occasion. We appreciate your business and hope to be of service to you again. Sincerely, Lorraine Mortis Sales Manager of ABC Corp.

[2강 – Gateway]

Once again, I had lost the piano contest to my friend. When I learned that Linda had won, I was deeply troubled and unhappy. My body was shaking with uneasiness. My heart beat quickly and my face became reddish. I had to run out of the concert hall to settle down. Sitting on the stairs alone, I recalled what my teacher had said. "Life is about winning, not necessarily about winning against others but winning at being you. And the way to win is to figure out who you are and do your best." He was absolutely right. I had no reason to oppose my friend. Instead, I should focus on myself and my own improvement. I breathed out slowly. My hands were steady now. At last, my mind was at peace.

[2강 - Exercise 1]

Sumbart had learned so much in that wonderful place. He had learned much about the business of being a motor mechanic and he learned to treasure the satisfaction of repairing things and making them useful again. Chatree had encouraged him to question why things were so, and not to be satisfied with merely knowing how they worked. Bit by bit, without even noticing it, he began to feel increasingly confident about himself. His grasp of English improved markedly, and so did his status in the village. He knew he had benefited greatly from the esteem in which his master, Chatree, was held. It didn't matter any more that he was small, it didn't matter at all.

[2강 - Exercise 2]

"Honey, what's the matter?" I asked immediately upon hearing my wife's frantic voice on the phone. She was crying and nearly hysterical. Immediately my heart began to race. Finally my wife blurted out, "It's Kevin!" Oh no! I thought. I asked, "Did he fall into the pool?" It was my worst nightmare coming to life. My eighteen- month-old son had drowned in our own backyard. "No," Sandy said. "It's his toe nails." I wasn't sure I'd heard right. "His toe nails?" "Yeah," she said, "they're purple!" "Purple?" I was really confused now. "What happened? Did somebody hit him?" "No, he colored them with a magic marker." I couldn't help it. I burst out laughing. Little Kevin had always shown a predisposition toward art, but this creative act really beat them all. "What are you laughing about?" Sandy asked, horrified. "Little boys do things like that," I replied. "That's the funniest thing I've ever heard!"

[2강 - Exercise 3]

Chase was up early on the appointed day. He fed his rabbits, dogs and cats, and even found time to rake leaves in the backyard. Before Chase and his mother left the house, he filled his jacket pocket with sugar cubes for the golden-maned mare, who he knew would be waiting for him. To Chase, it seemed an eternity before his mother turned the car off the main road and down the lane to the Raker farm. Anxiously, Chase strained his eyes for a glimpse of the mare that he loved so much. As they drew closer to the farm house and barns, he looked, but Lady was nowhere to be seen. Chase's pulse pounded as he looked for the horse trailer. It was not there. Both the trailer and horse were gone. His worst nightmare had become a reality. Someone had surely bought the horse, and he would never see her again.

[2강 - Exercise 4]

The house behind them, standing up gray, was a far more terrible thing than it had been when they faced it. By common consent they hurried a little as they walked fast along among the dead leaves. The wind, too, was at their back now, and flung fluttering things about their legs and against their ears; they were afraid to look round, and yet afraid to go on without glancing behind them. Halfway down the drive, too, they heard a rustling among the trees, a louder rustling than that caused by the wind. Brian stopped still, and Comethup wondered why his heart kept jumping up into his throat and nearly choking him. Then, from among the shadows of the trees, came a little figure all in white - a figure smaller even than Comethup, but very terrible coming in that fashion, and in that hour and in that place.

[3강 – Gateway]

The single most important change you can make in your working habits is to switch to creative work first, reactive work second. This means blocking off a large chunk of time every day for creative work on your own priorities, with the phone and e-mail off. I used to be a frustrated writer. Making this switch turned me into a productive writer. Yet there wasn't a single day when I sat down to write an article, blog post, or book chapter without a string of people waiting for me to get back to them. It wasn't easy, and it still isn't, particularly when I get phone messages beginning "I sent you an e-mail two hours ago...!" By definition, this approach goes against the grain of others' expectations and the pressures they put on you. It takes willpower to switch off the world, even for an hour. It feels uncomfortable, and sometimes people get upset. But it's better to disappoint a few people over small things, than to abandon your dreams for an empty inbox. Otherwise, you're sacrificing your potential for the illusion of professionalism.

[3강 - Exercise 1]

If there is one recent change that stands out in student behaviour, it is the decline in the willingness to read for extended periods of time. The reason is simply the competition reading faces. Until the mid-1980s, the only competition school really had was television. We still lived in a world that supported print literacy. There was still a collective memory about the experiences reading offered and a collective agreement about its value. That consensus is quickly passing away. When a teacher hands out a novel today, the first question in every student's mind is "Is there a movie of this?" If not, the next stop is the Internet where some websites will provide short chapter-by-chapter summaries, commentaries, and analysis free of charge. These sites support themselves with the extensive advertising embedded within the summary articles (a good visual distraction from the boring text summary). Today reading literature means reading about literature.

[3강 - Exercise 2]

It is traditionally accepted that music is an art, that painting is an art, that theater is an art - no less than literature and, for more than a century now, the cinema. Why not cooking? Its essential function of providing nourishment has caused us to forget that, in the hands of a great cook, a meal is capable of touching us as a love song does, of giving us joy, occasionally even of moving us to anger. To the extent that it detaches itself from tradition (which works to assign it to the status of an artisanal trade or craft, based on repetition) and insofar as its purpose is to stir the emotions, cooking - which alone among the arts stimulates all of the senses at once - cannot be excluded from their company.

[3강 - Exercise 3]

Melatonin helps regulate the timing of when sleep occurs by systemically signaling darkness throughout the organism. But melatonin has little influence on the generation of sleep itself: a mistaken assumption that many people hold. To make clear this distinction, think of sleep as the Olympic 100-meter race. Melatonin is the voice of the timing official that says "Runners, on your mark," and then fires the starting pistol that triggers the race. That timing official (melatonin) governs when the race (sleep) begins, but does not participate in the race. In this analogy, the sprinters themselves are other brain regions and processes that actively generate sleep. Melatonin corrals these sleep-generating regions of the brain to the starting line of bedtime. Melatonin simply provides the official instruction to commence the event of sleep, but does not participate in the sleep race itself.

[3강 - Exercise 4]

We do all kinds of things to avoid bad feelings, and often the cost of these efforts is that we don't get to enjoy life. The alternative is to accept our feelings in order to enjoy life. Acceptance doesn't mean you like something, want it, or even enjoy it; it's "taking what is given," acknowledging what is, and having a willingness to let it be as it is. Accepting your feelings involves making space for them so you don't have to fight with them as much. I'm not talking about tolerating feelings, I mean welcoming or embracing them. It's not just tolerating an acquaintance, it's welcoming a friend, a companion. The unhealthy habits we do to avoid our feelings are totally normal; however, if you allow yourself to just feel your feelings, as yucky as they may be, you wouldn't need unhealthy habits. In other words, you're accepting the message from the messenger but not letting the message take over or change your route.

[4강 – Gateway]

The twenty-first century is the age of information and knowledge. It is a century that is characterized by knowledge as the important resource that gains competitive advantage for companies. To acquire all these knowledge and information, organizations must rely on the data that they store. Data, the basic element, is gathered daily from different input sources. Information is extracted or learned from these sources of data, and this captured information is then transformed into knowledge that is eventually used to trigger actions or decisions. By and large, organizations do not have any problem of not having enough data because most organizations are rich with data. The problem however is that many organizations are poor in information and knowledge. This fact translates into one of the biggest challenges faced by organizations: how to transform raw data into information and eventually into knowledge, which if exploited correctly provides the capabilities to predict customers' behaviour and business trends.

[4강 - Exercise 1]

What we used to call multinational firms are increasingly becoming global firms. Among firms, what passes for national identification depends upon history and where their corporate headquarters happen to be located. But the latter is increasingly becoming a matter determined more by local taxation than by economic functionality. The recent fuss about U.S. firms moving their legal headquarters to Bermuda to get lower taxes is but one example. National identification means little when it comes to predicting a firm's behavior. Place of origin or the nationality of the passports held by the top managers makes less and less difference when it comes to making real decisions. Ownership is often not what it seems to be. Nokia is seen as a Finnish company, but more of Nokia's shares are owned by Americans than by Finns.

[4강 - Exercise 2]

There is some discomfort in most of us that makes us reluctant to take credit for our accomplishments or to even accept a well-deserved compliment. Try an experiment. Give someone you know a genuine compliment about a quality they have or about something they have done that you truly appreciate. Often their first response is to downplay their contribution or their effort: "Oh, I was just doing my job." "Anyone would have done the same thing." "It was nothing." What is it that makes us uneasy about accepting credit for something wonderful we have done? We feel proud of our accomplishments and our skills, but we don't know how to take credit for them gracefully, without seeming like a braggart or a know-it-all.

[4강 - Exercise 3]

Gordon Parker, chairman, president, and CEO of Newmont Mining Corporation, has a very deliberate speech pattern. When I asked him about it, he explained, "People listen more carefully if they think you are thinking when you speak." I tend to agree with him. Even though people can hear two to three times faster than we can talk, most of us could stand to slow down when we speak. Hurrying makes our words seem less important and gives the impression that we do not think our ideas deserve more than the briefest amount of airtime. We appear to be rushing to finish so that someone with something more valuable to say can speak. Slow down. Allow for some pauses, some silence. People will listen more closely and have more respect for what they hear.

[4강 - Exercise 4]

The nature of the creative professions is such that the professional activities of writers and artists constantly subject them to the danger of persecution for what they have expressed in the form of a work of art. The expression of the thoughts and ideas of the creator is central to the practice of these professions - the mind of the author provides the raw material for all literary and artistic work. At the same time, this expression is consistently subject to evaluation according to criteria of social acceptability. When these criteria become extremely restrictive, as in Soviet Russia, it becomes practically impossible for an author to create in freedom. For these reasons, it is especially important that censorship against creative expression be restrained by law and custom. Censorship should not become so powerful as to inhibit or prevent the exercise of the creative professions, or so invasive that the contribution of writers and artists to society remains unrealized.

[4강 - Exercise 5]

Now I am not in any way suggesting that you, dear mom, need to follow my lead and become slightly addicted to photography or preserving your memories in scrapbooks. However, I am strongly suggesting that you take a lot of pictures of your children to document their lives and save those memories. They are changing every day. Of course you are so busy trying to keep life together that you probably have not had time to notice! But trust me on this; you will treasure these pictures for a lifetime. Even if you cannot take the time to organize your photos, take lots of pictures. Label and file them in consecutive order in an acid-free box. Then when you have time in twenty or thirty years, you can look back through them and enjoy the strong emotions and memories that they evoke.

[4강 - Exercise 6]

Many students lack the life experiences to imagine that people in other cultures live, behave, and believe differently. Online collaborations create authentic ways for students to learn about places they have never experienced. For instance, a cross- national sharing between elementary schools in different climates revealed that students in one school had questions about snow, which they had never seen, while the partner students were trying to imagine open-air, year-round schools. Minor differences are not minor to students who have never been exposed to any differences at all. Given that most students will, as adults, work in international markets, the more exposure they receive to different cultural patterns during school years, the more successfully they will make the transition as adults.

[5강 – Gateway]

Problem framing amounts to defining what problem you are proposing to solve. This is a critical activity because the frame you choose strongly influences your understanding of the problem, thereby conditioning your approach to solving it. For an illustration, consider Thibodeau and Broditsky's series of experiments in which they asked people for ways to reduce crime in a community. They found that the respondents' suggestions changed significantly depending on whether the metaphor used to describe crime was as a virus or as a beast. People presented with a metaphor comparing crime to a virus invading their city emphasized prevention and addressing the root causes of the problem, such as eliminating poverty and improving education. On the other hand, people presented with the beast metaphor focused on remediations: increasing the size of the police force and prisons.

[5강 - Exercise 1]

As the technological revolution gathers pace, education and training are thought to be the answer to everything. They are, but we have to understand the question. Educating more people - and to a much higher standard - is vital. But we also have to educate them differently. The problem is that present expansion is based on a fundamental misconception: the confusion of academic ability with intelligence. For years academic ability has been conflated with intelligence, and this idea has been institutionalised into testing systems, examinations, selection procedures, teacher education and research. As a result, many highly intelligent people have passed through education feeling they aren't. Many academically able people have never discovered their other abilities.

[5강 - Exercise 2]

Food marketing refers to any activity conducted by a company in the food, beverage, or restaurant industry to encourage purchase of its products. Food preferences develop at a very early age, primarily through learning processes. Once established, these eating patterns are difficult to change. Parents are a key influence in the early development of food preferences; however, outside influences become increasingly important, especially during middle childhood and adolescence. Food marketing promotes highly desirable, but unhealthy, products to youth. The overexposure to food marketing presents a public health issue to youth. Unlike tobacco and alcohol consumption, young people do not need to learn that consuming these foods is rewarding. From birth, humans prefer the taste of foods high in sugar, fat, and salt (i.e., the foods most commonly advertised).

[5강 - Exercise 3]

Nutrition and quality of air are two of the most important drivers of good overall health. Make a wall with several vegetable boxes hung from one another and install it next to an outdoor living area or near a window, and you'll be getting a good dose of both elements. Living wall gardens, full of plants that breathe in carbon dioxide and breathe out oxygen, are a fantastic way to help filter the air surrounding a living area. This oxygen reaches a city dweller with a living wall if he or she is sitting on the balcony or sitting inside the home with the window open. Having a view of the vertical wall garden from the interior of the home will both reduce stress and increase the green view. Most importantly, growing vegetables in the garden means that you will also be providing nutritionally sound food for you and your family, so the living wall provides extensive benefits beyond simple beauty.

[5강 - Exercise 4]

The idea that folk music is a product of nature played an important part in the rise of musical nationalism, and it was part of the complex of ideas at the root of romantic nationalism. In the German Romantic movement, the folk song was considered an expression of the "purely human." Instead of being universal, however, that expression was thought to vary from one nation to the next. Folk song was considered a reflection of the particular mystical characteristics of a people and to go back to times immemorial. In this scheme, the division of mankind into nations was a natural fact. Every nation was said to have its own deep-rooted identity, its "national soul." Folk music was believed to be the clearest expression of the national character, a typical feature enshrined in every nation.

[6강 – Gateway]

Mending and restoring objects often require even more creativity than original production. The preindustrial blacksmith made things to order for people in his immediate community; customizing the product, modifying or transforming it according to the user, was routine. Customers would bring things back if something went wrong; repair was thus an extension of fabrication. With industrialization and eventually with mass production, making things became the province of machine tenders with limited knowledge. But repair continued to require a larger grasp of design and materials, an understanding of the whole and a comprehension of the designer's intentions. "Manufacturers all work by machinery or by vast subdivision of labour and not, so to speak, by hand," an 1896 Manual of Mending and Repairing explained. "But all repairing must be done by hand. We can make every detail of a watch or of a gun by machinery, but the machine cannot mend it when broken, much less a clock or a pistol!"

[6강 - Exercise 1]

Just as we shouldn't let others do our thinking, we can't depend on others to be creative for us. Everyone is capable, and it's everyone's responsibility to contribute through participation and support. Today, every salesperson, computer programmer, and small-business owner must use their natural creativity to thrive. Adapting to our changing economy requires that we invent new ways of doing our most basic tasks - all within our budget, timetable, and desired level of quality. If you left it to others to be creative, not much would get done, and you would be left out of the new economy. According to a recent study about the global creativity gap, eight out of ten people feel that unlocking creativity is critical to economic growth, and two-thirds of respondents feel creativity is valuable to society. But only one in four people believe they are living up to their creative potential.

[6강 - Exercise 2]

Anchoring and adjustment can severely affect our retrospective personal memory. While such memory is introspectively a process of "dredging up" what actually happened, it is to a large extent anchored by our current beliefs and feelings. This principle has been well established both in the psychological laboratory and in surveys. What we have at the time of recall is, after all, only our current state, which includes fragments (memory traces) of our past experience; these fragments are biased by what we now believe (or feel) to be true to an extent much greater than we know consciously. Moreover, the organization of these fragments of past experience into meaningful patterns is even more influenced by our current beliefs and moods - especially if we are particularly depressed or encouraged.

[6강 - Exercise 3]

As a producer of the product with a selection of green vegetables that were laid out along the full length of the display, the chances are that more are sold at the ends of the linear display and less in the middle. Consumers tend to purchase at the ends. The aim is to maximize sales along the whole shop fixture. Therefore red is used in the middle of the bench to attract the consumer and lift sales. Why red? Red has hidden messages in a consumer's mind. It can indicate danger, stop, or passion. Whatever the message, red stands out and attracts the eye to it. The aim is to draw the consumer's eye to the middle of the display. It works; give it a try on a stall. Put a red product in the middle. If a red product is not available, use a red drape in the centre of the display to achieve the same result.

[6강 - Exercise 4]

To check a given hypothesis, we need data relevant to the hypothesis. In a laboratory setting, experiments are carefully designed to generate the needed data. In fact, many times experiments are designed to falsify the hypothesis in order to see if the hypothesis survives the confrontation with reality. Generating such experiments is possible because we have the hypothesis in advance. But if we rely on data to generate hypotheses, we cannot make sure that the data gathered (usually in an opportunistic manner) is the data needed to prove or disprove the hypothesis. Having more data creates a dilemma: it provides more chances to have the right data, but it also provides many more potential hypotheses. Since the number of hypotheses grows faster than the data, we have no hope of catching up simply by collecting more and more measurements.

[8강 – Gateway]

Donato Bramante, born in Fermignano, Italy, began to paint early in his life. His father encouraged him to study painting. Later, he worked as an assistant of Piero della Francesca in Urbino. Around 1480, he built several churches in a new style in Milan. He had a close relationship with Leonardo da Vinci, and they worked together in that city. Architecture became his main interest, but he did not give up painting. Bramante moved to Rome in 1499 and participated in Pope Julius II's plan for the renewal of Rome. He planned the new Basilica of St. Peter in Rome - one of the most ambitious building projects in the history of humankind. Bramante died on April 11, 1514 and was buried in Rome. His buildings influenced other architects for centuries.

[8강 - Exercise 1]

Baird, who was born in Helensburgh, Scotland, studied electrical engineering at the Royal Technical College in Glasgow and then went to Glasgow University. His poor health prevented him from active service during World War I and from completing various business enterprises in the years following the war. After a breakdown in 1922 he retired to Hastings and engaged in amateur experiments on the transmission of pictures. Using primitive equipment he succeeded in transmitting an image over a distance of a couple of feet, and in 1926 he demonstrated his apparatus before a group of scientists. Recognition followed, and the next year he transmitted pictures by telephone wire between London and Glasgow. In the same year he set up the Baird Television Development Company. He continued to work on improvements and on 30 September 1929 gave the first experimental BBC broadcast.

[9강 – Gateway]

Like whole individuals, cells have a life span. During their life cycle (cell cycle), cell size, shape, and metabolic activities can change dramatically. A cell is "born" as a twin when its mother cell divides, producing two daughter cells. Each daughter cell is smaller than the mother cell, and except for unusual cases, each grows until it becomes as large as the mother cell was. During this time, the cell absorbs water, sugars, amino acids, and other nutrients and assembles them into new, living protoplasm. After the cell has grown to the proper size, its metabolism shifts as it either prepares to divide or matures and differentiates into a specialized cell. Both growth and development require a complex and dynamic set of interactions involving all cell parts. That cell metabolism and structure should be complex would not be surprising, but actually, they are rather simple and logical. Even the most complex cell has only a small number of parts, each responsible for a distinct, well-defined aspect of cell life.

[9강 - Exercise 1]

Unfortunately, setting only big goals can feel overwhelming because they often take a lot more time and energy than smaller goals. So break down large goals into smaller, more digestible and manageable chunks. As you achieve each smaller goal, you'll feel inspired and motivated to continue with what is left to ultimately achieve the larger overall goal. Each smaller success will bring you a great sense of accomplishment and tremendous happiness. Maybe you want to spend more time with friends. Maybe you want to increase the time you spend on a favorite hobby. Or maybe you want to increase your time meditating or practicing yoga. All of these, although seemingly small, are valid and worthy goals. Sometimes smaller things in life bring us the greatest joy!

[9강 - Exercise 2]

Dramatic play provides a risk-free stage where children can explore and experiment with ideas, test and evaluate their skills, and add to and change the environment in their own ways. In role-play, children act as if they are someone else, imagining and weighing possibilities. This helps them analyze situations from different perspectives. Pretending to be someone else, with all the gestures, actions, and language that involves, gives children practice thinking divergently as they consider different things they can pretend to do. After they have decided what and how to play, their attention shifts to staging the play they have planned. Their thinking becomes more convergent. Creativity and innovation rely heavily on divergent thinking, but to accomplish goals, convergent thinking is also necessary. It's no wonder that research shows that young children who spend a good deal of time role-playing have high scores on measures of creativity.

[9강 - Exercise 3]

Many extreme environments not only require focus but also provide the conditions that foster it, such as solitude and freedom from mundane distractions. The natural environments in which most extreme activities occur may also play a role in helping people focus attention. Research suggests that viewing natural scenes helps us to recover from the mental fatigue caused by long periods of concentration. In one experiment, people carried out mundane tasks requiring sustained attention until they became mentally fatigued and their performance declined. They then viewed pictures for less than 10 minutes before returning to the tasks. Participants who viewed pictures of natural landscapes, such as orchards, rivers, and mountains, were significantly more accurate in their second set of tasks, compared to people who had viewed urban landscapes or geometric shapes. These and other results suggest that simply looking at natural landscapes can reinforce our capacity to focus.

[9강 - Exercise 4]

Not only do we tell stories to remember them. The opposite side of the coin is also true. We fail to create stories in order to forget them. When something unpleasant happens to us, we often say, "I'd rather not talk about it," because not talking about it makes it easier to forget. Once you tell what happened to you, you will be less able to forget the parts of the story that you told. In some sense, telling a story makes it happen again. If the story is not created in the first place, however, it will only exist in its original form, for example, in a form distributed among the mental structures used in the initial processing. Thus, in the sense that it can be reconstructed, the experience remains. When the experience was a bad one, that sense of being in memory can have annoying psychological consequences.

[10강 – Gateway]

Sport can trigger an emotional response in its consumers of the kind rarely brought forth by other products. Imagine bank customers buying memorabilia to show loyalty to their bank, or consumers identifying so strongly with their car insurance company that they get a tattoo with its logo. We know that some sport followers are so passionate about players, teams and the sport itself that their interest borders on obsession. This addiction provides the emotional glue that binds fans to teams, and maintains loyalty even in the face of on-field failure. While most managers can only dream of having customers that are as passionate about their products as sport fans, the emotion triggered by sport can also have a negative impact. Sport's emotional intensity can mean that organisations have strong attachments to the past through nostalgia and club tradition. As a result, they may ignore efficiency, productivity and the need to respond quickly to changing market conditions. For example, a proposal to change club colours in order to project a more attractive image may be defeated because it breaks a link with tradition.

[10강 - Exercise 1]

I have known several negotiators guilty of hubris. They often dig their own graves because once they have made a take-it-or-leave-it offer, they can't tolerate the thought of losing face by returning to the table. You may argue that it's important to display toughness and resolve to the other side. However, earning a reputation for being tough doesn't serve you well at the negotiation table. Indeed, a reputation as a tough negotiator leads to a number of highly undesirable outcomes - for example, counterparties will treat you with greater suspicion and act much tougher than they normally would. In an investigation of how bargaining reputation affects how others treat you, Cathy Tinsley found that "tough guys finish last," meaning that people negotiate more aggressively with those who have a reputation for toughness.

[10강 - Exercise 2]

Some individuals with high levels of trait anxiety may turn to extreme activities as a way of managing their anxiety. It seems that they avoid the problems and anxieties of everyday life by throwing themselves into an absorbing activity, such as an extreme sport, in which they are more likely to succeed. Evidence in support of this idea came from a study comparing mountaineers with practitioners of judo (considered a low-risk sport). The results showed that mountaineers with high levels of general anxiety experienced significantly lower levels of general anxiety once they had completed their climb. Paradoxically, the high-risk activity of climbing appeared to have a calming effect on these naturally anxious individuals. No such effect was observed in the judo comparison group. The researchers suggested that the intense focus required for climbing served to divert the climbers' attention away from their chronic anxieties on to an external and objectively threatening situation that they felt able to control.

[10강 - Exercise 3]

We have seen many examples of primate societies in which other community members lend parents a hand with childcare. In many preindustrial societies, parents receive even more help when they have too many children to raise. Foster care of young, or temporary adoption, is a common solution for families in preindustrial societies who have too many children. Fostering differs from adoption in that the bond between biological parents and children is not terminated. The child goes to its foster parents after weaning, but can return to its biological parents at any time if the arrangement doesn't work out. Biological parents continue to interact with children they have fostered out and remain concerned about them, but allow another family to raise them. In this way, children do not lose their biological parents and are raised by individuals who are better able to care for them. Permanent adoption, with a complete separation of the parent-child bond, is rare in these societies.

[10강 - Exercise 4]

One of the persistent myths of mainstream society is that the knowledge we study in schools is factual and neutral. Yet we know that knowledge evolves over time and is dependent on the moment in history and the cultural reference point of the society that accepts it. Thinking critically involves more than just acquiring new information in order to determine which facts are true and which false. It also involves determining the social, historical, and political meaning given to those facts. This determination includes assessing the investment various groups may have in furthering or challenging those meanings in any particular historical moment. For example, there was a time when it was not widely understood that the Earth is round. Common sense might tell us that it is flat, and anyone looking out over a vast landscape would have this sense confirmed. Yet when scientific reasoning and more accurate technological methods for measuring the Earth emerged, the knowledge or "fact" that the Earth is flat was rewritten.

[11강 – Gateway]

Jeffrey A. Rodgers, a vice president of a big company, was once taught the simple idea of pausing to refresh. It began when Jeff realized that as he drove home from work each evening his mind was still focused on work-related projects. We all know this feeling. We may have left the office physically, but we are very much still there mentally, as our minds get caught in the endless loop of replaying the events of today and worrying about all the things we need to get done the following day. So now, as he gets to the door of his house, he applies what he calls "the pause that refreshes." He stops for just a moment. He closes his eyes. He breathes in and out once: deeply and slowly. As he exhales, he lets the work issues fall away. This allows him to walk through the front door to his family with more singleness of purpose. It supports the sentiment attributed to Lao Tzu: "In work, do what you enjoy. In family life, be completely present."

[11강 - Exercise 1]

Gestures and speech used similar neural circuits as they developed in our evolutionary history. University of Chicago psycholinguist David McNeill was the first to suggest this. He thought nonverbal and verbal skills might retain their strong ties even though they've diverged into separate behavioral spheres. He was right. Studies confirmed it with a puzzling finding: People who could no longer move their limbs after a brain injury also increasingly lost their ability to communicate verbally. Studies of babies showed the same direct association. We now know that infants do not gain a more sophisticated vocabulary until their fine-motor finger control improves. That's a remarkable finding. Gestures are "windows into thought processes," McNeill says.

[11강 - Exercise 2]

Believe it or not, your child craves limits. She truly needs a flexible sense of order and will grow anxious without it. Think of limits as an expanding corral. Limits provide a physical environment in which your child can feel safe and can learn. As she grows more capable, the boundaries will expand. She begins in the womb, expands to a bassinet, and then to her bed. You may feel your three-year-old is too young for an overnight visit to a playmate's home. By the time she is five or six you may occasionally consider it, and by the time she's ten you may be ready to say yes to a pajama party. Your child's readiness determines how the boundaries expand. Your child does not want control or dominance but a structure that encourages her to think, to make choices, and to take chances.

[11강 - Exercise 3]

Once a staple crop is established, we have what economists call a "lock-in." A pattern continues because it is cheap to replicate and would be expensive, both financially and psychologically, to change. The whole of north European agriculture is based around a highly complex but very efficient system of wheat and small-grain production. From the plow types to the bakeries and pasta factories, everything is set up to deal with wheat. So, although the potato came early and proved far more productive and well adapted than wheat, wheat remains the staple food - except in areas too poor and marginal to afford it. The iron hand of economics forced the impoverished Irish and Poles to live on potatoes in the old days, but they yearned for bread - and now they can afford bread, and are eating fewer potatoes. Potatoes added themselves to the system, but did not destroy it.

[11강 - Exercise 4]

Lee D. Ross and his colleagues carried out interesting experiments. Contrary to the assumption that it is the nature of human beings to grab as many resources as possible, these experiments show that people are willing to share resources equally. However, those who have more tend to justify this inequality. Human beings want a fair world; however, fairness in the future is judged differently from fairness in the past. We define fairness as equal sharing as long as the sharing lies in the future; when we have accumulated more than others, we tend to believe we deserve it. Loss aversion, the tendency of people to dislike losses significantly more than they like gains, plays into these psychological preferences - we don't mind sharing equally in the future, but we do not like to lose what we have. These psychological phenomena strengthen conservative stances, leading people to evaluate those who want another distribution of resources as aggressors.

[11강 - Exercise 5]

The idea of starting at the bottom and working one's way up may appear sound, but the major objection to it is this - too many of those who begin at the bottom never manage to lift their heads high enough to be seen by opportunity, so they remain at the bottom. It should be remembered, also, that the outlook from the bottom is not so very bright or encouraging. It has a tendency to kill off ambition. We call it 'getting into a rut', which means we accept our fate because we form the habit of daily routine, a habit that finally becomes so strong we cease to try to throw it off. And that is another reason why it pays to start one or two steps above the bottom. By so doing one forms the habit of looking around, of observing how others get ahead, of seeing opportunity, and of embracing it without hesitation.

[11강 - Exercise 6]

Hobbes held that if we knew in advance the worst that war could do to us, that knowledge would be an effective preventative measure. He was writing specifically about civil war, as opposed to international war, because he felt that closeness gives a greater potential to wound. Consider the constructive relations the United States developed with Germany and Japan, beginning immediately after the terrible events of World War II. Then compare that with the overheated emotional reaction you are still bound to get by bringing up the Civil War just about anywhere in the American South. The War between the States is still being fought at home on many levels, almost a century and a half later, while our foreign enemies of fifty years ago are now our friends. Similarly, family feuds are more bitter and lasting than neighborly disputes.

[12강 – Gateway]

A variety of theoretical perspectives provide insight into immigration. Economics, which assumes that actors engage in utility maximization, represents one framework. From this perspective, it is assumed that individuals are rational actors, i.e., that they make migration decisions based on their assessment of the costs as well as benefits of remaining in a given area versus the costs and benefits of leaving. Benefits may include but are not limited to short-term and long-term monetary gains, safety, and greater freedom of cultural expression. Individual costs include but are not limited to the expense of travel, uncertainty of living in a foreign land, difficulty of adapting to a different language, uncertainty about a different culture, and the great concern about living in a new land. Psychic costs associated with separation from family, friends, and the fear of the unknown also should be taken into account in cost- benefit assessments.

[12강 - Exercise 1]

Reading fiction, in particular, has been linked with increased empathy. Because we often experience emotions in response to the circumstances of fictional characters, it has been hypothesized that reading fiction allows us to mentally simulate, manipulate, and perhaps improve our social understanding of the emotional states of others in a way that translates into our own lives. In a related series of studies, Mar, Oatley, Hirsh, dela Paz, and Peterson have shown that adults who read a lot of fiction perform better on objective tests of empathy than non-readers. In fact, this finding of increased empathy could not be attributed to simply reading a lot, because adults who are frequent readers of informational text do not display the same benefits. High informational text readers may actually perform worse relative to non-readers!

[12강 - Exercise 2]

Food packaging is a visible form of the food supply's waste. Once the product is consumed, the packaging is left to be handled separately. Consumer packaging waste, however, is not the only source of packaging waste along the supply chain. Packaging waste comes from each stage in the supply chain including restaurants, retailers, distributors, and manufacturers. Not all of the waste is managed appropriately; for example, some of it has ended up clogging our oceans where plastic litter is floating around choking, trapping, and poisoning wildlife. Used packaging may be recovered for recycling and reuse. This is a critical way to minimize the overall burden from food and beverage packaging and potentially serve as a resource for new packaging.

[12강 - Exercise 3]

Breadth of knowledge is what enables you to engage in meaningful small talk, and small talk, as O. Henry once said, is similar to putting "a few raisins into the tasteless dough of existence." In short, there's nothing small about small talk; it's a social lubricant that looms large in all human exchanges. Thus, being informed on a wide range of topics outside your area of expertise can be immensely helpful in building social bridges. Research has shown that the more people feel they have in common, the better they like each other. So by increasing your breadth of knowledge, you'll be able to project a favorable image more easily with more people.

[12강 - Exercise 4]

Although people can agree on the need for conservation and strong anti-pollution efforts when costs are not considered, when costs are considered there is significantly less agreement. Let's consider some of these costs. They involve restrictions on individual actions, relocation of industry and jobs, new bureaucracy, and the development of expensive new technology. In assessing the issue of pollution, the costs as well as the benefits must be considered. Therefore, it is unlikely that we will decide to institute a "no pollution" policy; that would be impossible to implement. And even approaching a standard of "little" pollution, for many, would be too expensive. Instead we are likely to choose an "optimal level" of pollution.

[13강 – Gateway]

According to the market response model, it is increasing prices that drive providers to search for new sources, innovators to substitute, consumers to conserve, and alternatives to emerge. Taxing certain goods or services, and so increasing prices, should result in either decreased use of these resources or creative innovation of new sources or options. The money raised through the tax can be used directly by the government either to supply services or to search for alternatives. Many examples of such "green taxes" exist. Facing landfill costs, labor expenses, and related costs in the provision of garbage disposal, for example, some cities have required households to dispose of all waste in special trash bags, purchased by consumers themselves, and often costing a dollar or more each. The results have been greatly increased recycling and more careful attention by consumers to packaging and waste. By internalizing the costs of trash to consumers, there has been an observed decrease in the flow of garbage from households.

[13강 - Exercise 1]

Scientists today are able to accurately date fossils, the rock-bound remains of organisms from past geologic ages. When fossils are arranged along a timeline, scientists can see gradual changes from simple to more complex life forms. In some cases, evolution through various intermediate forms over millions of years can be detected and compared to the present state of an organism. For example, the earliest known species of horse lived some 60 million years ago and, according to the fossil record, was shorter than 20 inches (50 centimeters) high at the shoulders. Successive rock layers yield fossils of increasingly larger horse species, culminating in the horses of today. As size changed, so did other aspects of the horses' anatomy: teeth became adapted to eating grass, the bones of the lower leg fused, and multiple toes evolved into a single toe surrounded by a hoof.

[13강 - Exercise 2]

Given the range of goals that can influence learning, it is not surprising that different models reflect different types and degrees of goal-based influence. Thagard and Millgram propose a broad distinction between learning which is explicitly goal-driven and that which is goal-relevant. Goal-relevant processing is not explicitly directed by the goals of the reasoner, but results in outcomes that are nevertheless useful with respect to those goals. Thus, in goal-relevant processing, the desired learning may occur as a side effect of normal task-related processing. For example, a reasoner may have an implicit orientation to maintain an accurate model of the world around it. Goal-driven learning, in contrast, is driven by explicit learning goals of the reasoner; those goals influence or even determine the content of what is learned. As the reasoner's goals change, so does the learning that results.

[13강 - Exercise 3]

In the spring and summer of 1837, fresh from his voyage on HMS Beagle, Charles Darwin began the grand synthesis of his research that was to become his celebrated theory of evolution. In mid-July, Darwin's thoughts were still scattered, his mood one of confused feeling. In a notebook, amid many tentative doodles and wild notes, he made a simple sketch that was to capture at a stroke the conceptual sweep of the theory slowly forming in his mind. The drawing was of an "irregularly branched" tree, intended to convey the genealogical history of plants and animals: a tree of life. As a metaphor it was brilliant, conveying the essential notion that life originated in the dim and distant past with a unique, spontaneous event. From this single common ancestor-the trunk of the tree-life diversified over time by successive branchings, with new species splitting away from old. The ends of the branches represent extinctions, like the dinosaurs and the dodo.

[13강 - Exercise 4]

Health is a dynamic and complex state. It is a product of continuous interactions between an individual's genetic makeup, environmental conditions, and personal experiences. For example, an infant's immediate and long-term health is influenced by his or her mother's personal lifestyle practices during pregnancy: her diet; use or avoidance of alcohol, tobacco, and certain medications; routine prenatal care; and exposure to communicable illnesses or toxic stress. Mothers who fail to maintain a healthy lifestyle during pregnancy are more likely to give birth to infants who are born prematurely, have low birth weight, or experience a range of special challenges. These children also face a significantly greater risk of developing chronic health problems and early death. In contrast, a child who is born healthy, raised in a nurturing family, consumes a nutritious diet, lives in a safe environment, and has numerous opportunities for learning and recreation is more likely to enjoy a healthy life.

[14강 – Gateway]

The earliest humans had access to only a very limited number of materials, those that occur naturally: stone, wood, clay, skins, and so on. With time, they discovered techniques for producing materials that had properties superior to those of the natural ones; these new materials included pottery and various metals. Furthermore, it was discovered that the properties of a material could be altered by heat treatments and by the addition of other substances. At this point, materials utilization was totally a selection process that involved deciding from a given, rather limited set of materials, the one best suited for an application based on its characteristics. It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties. This knowledge, acquired over approximately the past 100 years, has empowered them to fashion, to a large degree, the characteristics of materials. Thus, tens of thousands of different materials have evolved with rather specialized characteristics that meet the needs of our modern and complex society, including metals, plastics, glasses, and fibers.

[14강 - Exercise 1]

Improvements have been found in children's empathy following an intervention designed to increase empathy and social understanding through literature. Lysaker, Tonge, Gauson, and Miller used what they called relationally oriented reading instruction to promote second- and third-grade children's ability to infer and imagine the thoughts and feelings of others. The children, who were chosen because they were experiencing difficulties with social relationships, were provided with books depicting adults or children who were working through social-emotional problems. Teachers engaged the children in discussions related to the thoughts, feelings, intentions, and emotions of the book characters. The teacher expressed empathy for the characters and modeled her thinking about how she inferred the characters' feelings. The children were asked to do the same, and they wrote a reader response to the books. After 8 weeks of intervention, children displayed a significant improvement on objective measures of empathy.

[14강 - Exercise 2]

A factor that influences social cognition is culture. People from different cultures think about the social world in different ways. In one study, researchers asked both American and Mexican Americans to read a series of sentences describing a person's behavior, and then judge whether this person had a given trait. For example, one sentence read, "He took his first calculus test when he was 12" (and the trait they reacted to was "smart"). Another sentence read, "She left a 25% tip for the waitress" (and the trait they reacted to was "generous"). As predicted, Americans made the trait judgments much more quickly than did Mexican Americans. This reflects Americans' strong tendency to emphasize the role of traits in leading to behavior - as well as the tendency of those from collectivistic cultures to take situational factors into account.

[14강 - Exercise 3]

Lions, snakes, and eagles are examples of predators - organisms that hunt and eat other organisms. Those that have the best techniques for obtaining food are the ones most likely to grow and reproduce. Predation affects the size of prey populations and the diversity of species within a community. One reason nonnative species are often a serious problem is a lack of natural predators in their new homes. Purple loosestrife is such a species, whereas in its native habitats its populations are kept in check by a leaf-eating beetle and root-eating weevil. Parasitism is a variety of predation; a parasite feeds on prey but often weakens rather than kills its host. Some parasites, such as wheat rust, have very specific host requirements. Others, such as mistletoe, parasitize a variety of species.

[14강 - Exercise 4]

The saying goes that the ruined city of Petra in Jordan is 'the rose-red city, half as old as time itself'. This would mean it was built before the Earth was formed, so ignore it. But Petra is very old. Between about 200 BC and AD 400, it was the busy capital of the Arab kingdom of the Nabataeans. Hidden away among red sandstone hills and surrounded by cliffs, it was the perfect desert hideaway. Into the cliff faces, the people of Petra carved hundreds of exquisite temples, tombs and monuments. Many have spectacular facades (fronts) with carved columns and lintels, often in styles copied from the buildings of Greece and Rome. Most impressive of all is the front of the Treasury, which is 28 metres wide and 40 metres high.

[15강 – Gateway]

The idea that planting trees could have a social or political significance appears to have been invented by the English, though it has since spread widely. According to Keith Thomas's history Man and the Natural World, seventeenth- and eighteenth-century aristocrats began planting hardwood trees, usually in lines, to declare the extent of their property and the permanence of their claim to it. "What can be more pleasant," the editor of a magazine for gentlemen asked his readers, "than to have the bounds and limits of your own property preserved and continued from age to age by the testimony of such living and growing witnesses?" Planting trees had the additional advantage of being regarded as a patriotic act, for the Crown had declared a severe shortage of the hardwood on which the Royal Navy depended.

[15강 - Exercise 1]

In an unusual brain-scanning experiment, scientists at Dartmouth College showed that adolescents use a more limited brain region and take more time than adults - about a sixth of a second more - to respond to questions about whether certain activities, like "swimming with sharks," "setting your hair on fire," and "jumping off a roof," were "good" ideas or not. Adults in the experiment appeared to rely on nearly automatic mental images and a visceral response to answer the questions. Adolescents, on the other hand, relied more on their ability to "reason" an answer. The ability to quickly grasp the general contours of a situation and make a good judgment about costs versus benefits arises from activity in the frontal cortex, the parts of the brain that are still under construction during adolescence.

[15강 - Exercise 2]

Children in all cultures acquire language through play. Their earliest production of language-like sounds (cooing and babbling) and first words are always playful. Later, children playfully rehearse more complex linguistic constructions, sometimes in monologue when alone. But of course, their language play is influenced by culture. Infants gradually restrict their babbling to the phonemes of their native language and, later, play with the words and grammatical constructions of that language. Children everywhere also engage in constructive play, thereby exercising the crucial human skill of building things, but what they build depends on what they see in the world around them. Children everywhere play in ways that exercise the human mental capacities of imagination and reasoning, but the scenes they imagine and the ideas they rehearse in such play derive from the culture.

[15강 - Exercise 3]

All words have to be coined by a wordsmith at some point in the mists of history. The wordsmith had an idea to get across and needed a sound to express it. In principle, any sound would have done, so the first coiner of a term for a political affiliation, for instance, could have used glorg or schmendrick or mcgillicuddy. But people are poor at recalling sounds out of the blue, and they probably wanted to ease their listeners' understanding of the coinage rather than having to define it or illustrate it with examples. So they reached for a metaphor that reminded them of the idea and that they hoped would create a similar idea in the minds of their listeners, such as band or bond for a political affiliation. The metaphorical hint allowed the listeners to understand the meaning more quickly than if they had had to rely on context alone.

[15강 - Exercise 4]

The status of the group members in a group can be important. Group members with lower status may have less confidence and thus be unlikely to express their opinions. Wittenbaum found that group members with higher status were, indeed, more likely to share new information. However, those with higher status may dominate the discussion, even if the information that they have is not more valid or important. Because they have high status, leaders have the ability to solicit unshared information from the group members, and they must be sure to do so, for instance, by making it clear that all members should feel free to present their unique information, that each member has important information to share, and that it is important to do so. Leaders may particularly need to solicit and support opinions from low-status or socially anxious group members.

[16강 – Gateway]

In studies examining the effectiveness of vitamin C, researchers typically divide the subjects into two groups. One group (the experimental group) receives a vitamin C supplement, and the other (the control group) does not. Researchers observe both groups to determine whether one group has fewer or shorter colds than the other. The following discussion describes some of the pitfalls inherent in an experiment of this kind and ways to avoid them. In sorting subjects into two groups, researchers must ensure that each person has an equal chance of being assigned to either the experimental group or the control group. This is accomplished by randomization; that is, the subjects are chosen randomly from the same population by flipping a coin or some other method involving chance. Randomization helps to ensure that results reflect the treatment and not factors that might influence the grouping of subjects. Importantly, the two groups of people must be similar and must have the same track record with respect to colds to rule out the possibility that observed differences in the rate, severity, or duration of colds might have occurred anyway. If, for example, the control group would normally catch twice as many colds as the experimental group, then the findings prove nothing. In experiments involving a nutrient, the diets of both groups must also be similar, especially with respect to the nutrient being studied. If those in the experimental group were receiving less vitamin C from their usual diet, then any effects of the supplement may not be apparent.

[16강 - Exercise 1~2]

The secret as to why there are so many types of snow crystals can be found in the clouds. A typical winter cloud is colder at the top than the bottom exhibiting a wide range of water vapor saturations as a function of height, and these conditions are constantly changing over time. The cloud also has wildly varying up- and down-drafts, these too varying rapidly. An incipient snow crystal goes for a wild ride in such a cloud. Initially, being so light and small, it has a slow fall rate and the updrafts in the cloud keep sending it back into the air. Eventually, it will grow heavy enough that it begins to settle and fall. As the snowflake falls it will travel downward through cloud layers that have very different temperatures and vapor saturation conditions than at the level where it originated. The crystal growth rate and habit will keep changing as the crystal makes this downward journey. By the time it lands on the dark sleeve of an observer, it will have gone through multiple distinct growth cycles, and its form will reflect the journey. This is what Nakaya, a physicist known for his works about snowflake crystals, meant by snow crystals being "letters sent from heaven."

[16강 - Exercise 3~4]

Take a painting, cut it into pieces and rearrange the bits. How much do you have to change it before the end result is your work and no longer something made by someone else? Does it help if more people like your collage than liked the original painting? Can the collage be a genuinely new piece of art? By the end of the seventies, DJs knew that the remix could go further than just make a song more functional for the dancefloor. It also offered them a route into the record industry and the means to finally gain recognition as creative artists. By adding stylistic twists, they could give a song the precise musical flavor they wanted, and if their enhancements were individual enough, these would mark out the remixer - rather than the original writer/musician - as the creative force behind a track. If their particular flavor was reasonably consistent over a series of records, a remixer could even develop a "sound," just like any other recording artist. And since a DJ's remixes were usually based on the kind of music he chose to play when he performed in a club, the musical style evident on his remixes would serve to reinforce and further distinguish the musical style of his DJing, and vice versa. Through remixing, the DJ had a way of pushing his music in a distinctive direction, both on the dancefloor and in the studio.

[17강 – Gateway]

"Congratulations!" That was the first word that Steven saw when he opened the envelope that his dad handed to him. He knew that he would win the essay contest. Overly excited, he shouted, "Hooray!" At that moment, two tickets to Ace Amusement Park, the prize, slipped out of the envelope. He picked them up and read the letter thoroughly while sitting on the stairs in front of his house. "Wait a minute! That's not my name!" he said, puzzled. The letter was addressed to his classmate Stephanie, who had also participated in the contest. Reading on, Steven realized the letter had been delivered mistakenly. "Unfortunately," it should have gone to Stephanie, who was the real winner. He looked at the tickets and then the letter. He had really wanted those tickets. He had planned to go there with his younger sister. Steven was his sister's hero, and he had bragged to her that he would win the contest. However, if she found out that her hero hadn't won, she would be terribly disappointed, and he would feel ashamed. "If I don't tell Stephanie, perhaps she will never know," Steven thought for a moment. He remembered that the winner would only be notified by mail. As long as he kept quiet, nobody would know. So he decided to sleep on it. The next morning, he felt miserable and his dad recognized it right away. "What's wrong, Son?" asked his dad. Steven was hesitant at first but soon disclosed his secret. After listening attentively to the end, his dad advised him to do the right thing. Once Steven had heard his dad's words, tears started to fill up in his eyes. "I was foolish," Steven said regretfully. He took the letter and the prize to school and handed them to Stephanie. He congratulated her wholeheartedly and she was thrilled. On the way home after school, his steps were light and full of joy. That night, his dad was very pleased to hear what he had done at school. " I am so proud of you, Steven," he said. Then, without a word, he handed Steven two Ace Amusement Park tickets and winked.

[17강 - Exercise 1~3]

After our wonderful breakfast, Rufus went to the barn to find himself a fresh strand of straw that he could use as a toothpick. While he was in there, a loud engine noise filled the air with its heavy mechanical sounds. Rufus poked his head out of the barn for a glance and there in the driveway was a truck that had another machine riding on its back. All the animals lined up against the pen and watched with curiosity how the machine was unloaded. Since the tractor was parked on the lawn, Rufus decided he would take a closer look at it. Lifting the latch on the gate, Rufus strolled over to the tractor and began sniffing it. After a few quick sniffs, Rufus began crying out in mule language to us about how yucky he thought it was. "What does it smell like?" asked Moocher. Rufus replied, "It smelled like rubber, gas, oil, paint, and plastic." "Sorry, old boy," exclaimed the farmer, "but this is what I was trying to tell you this morning when I told you how fun it had been working with you." Rufus' mouth hit the ground as he continued explaining. "You see, Rufus, this tractor is how I'm going to plow the fields from now on. You have done your part for the farm, but now it is time for you. As the farmer hopped on the tractor and drove away, Rufus began to cry in mule language. The rest of us farm animals were shocked at the news and did what was right by joining Rufus in his moment of grief. The farmer thought we were making the noises because we were afraid of the tractor, but we were crying for our friend, Rufus, who just lost (b) his job.

[17강 - Exercise 4~6]

Cohen was sitting in a small shul one Friday night waiting for prayer to begin. As he looked up from his prayer book, he noticed an elderly man walking around the shul, offering each person a small piece of chocolate from his little box. Cohen watched as most people politely refused. Only rarely did anyone take it from this man's box. Cohen could tell that it gave the man great pleasure when anyone accepted his offer. When the man approached him, Cohen said politely, "No, thank you," and watched as the man walked further down his row. Standing there was Rav Yaakov Friedman, whom Cohen respected greatly and whom Cohen watched carefully to see what he would do. Sure enough, Rav Yaakov nodded to the man and took a piece, nudging his young son to do the same. As the old man continued walking to the next row, Rav Yaakov's son began putting the chocolate into his mouth. Rav Yaakov gently touched his son's arm and told him he could put it into a tissue. At the same time, Rav Yaakov also put his own in a tissue. "Daddy," asked the young boy, "you urged me to take the chocolate, and you took it yourself. Why are we throwing it away now?" Rav Yaakov replied, "My dear son, I don't need to have the chocolate, and I certainly do not want you to have it, but I realize how much pleasure this man has every time someone takes a piece from his box. I knew we would not have it, but it is more important that this man feel good knowing that he is giving us something he considers precious."

[18강 – Gateway]

On one occasion I was trying to explain the concept of buffers to my children. We were in the car together at the time and I tried to explain the idea using a game. Imagine, I said, that we had to get to our destination three miles away without stopping. We couldn't predict what was going to happen in front of us and around us. We didn't know how long the light would stay on green or if the car in front would suddenly put on its brakes. The only way to keep from crashing was to put extra space between our car and the car in front of us. This space acts as a buffer. It gives us time to respond and adapt to any sudden moves by other cars. Similarly, we can reduce the friction of doing the essential in our work and lives simply by creating a buffer.

[18강 - Exercise 1]

Herodotus tells the story about the Egyptian King Psammis, who received a delegation from Elis. The Eleans boasted about the excellent way in which they organised the Olympic Games, and asked if the Egyptians could suggest any way to do it more fairly. King Psammis collected his most learned subjects, and, after listening to the Eleans' explanation of their organization of the Olympic contests, asked if the Eleans allowed representatives of all Greek states to compete in the Games, including their own from Elis. When told that all Greeks were welcomed, the Egyptian reply was that such a principle was not fair at all, since surely Elean athletes would be favoured over visiting ones. The Egyptians recommended that if they really wanted fair play at the Olympics, they should not allow anyone from Elis to compete.

[18강 - Exercise 2]

An incredibly passionate man who loves people, Kevin Reynolds began his career with a major bank. He worked hard, was good at what he did, and soon began moving up his bank's career ladder. His future looked promising. But Kevin wanted more than to be a banking executive: he wanted to be a banker who built and benefited community. Over time he began to realise that he could accomplish this best outside the structure of a large corporation. Kevin had long been inspired by the idea of building a bank that would be an active part of the local community, supporting small business and supporting community-building initiatives. Together with several colleagues he established a small community bank that eventually became Cardinal Bank. Since then Kevin and his team have created an organisation with 27 branches that are a central part of the communities in which they operate.

[18강 - Exercise 3]

Born in Kyiv, Ukraine at a time when Eastern Ukraine was part of Russia, and Western Ukraine was part of Austria, Igor Sikorsky began studies at the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute in 1907. He built his first (unsuccessful) helicopter in 1909. During and prior to World War I, Sikorsky designed and flew planes in Russia. He helped develop the world's first multiengine aircraft. After coming to the United States in 1919, he continued working on fixed wing aircraft. Other people had developed helicopters prior to Sikorsky; however, none of their designs led to commercial development. In 1939, Sikorsky successfully designed and flew what was to be the world's first practical helicopter. The successful Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation in the United States stands as a legacy to his achievements. He was honored with a United States postage stamp in 1988 and a Ukrainian postage stamp in 1998.

[18강 - Exercise 4]

A friend of mine who was about to go out on a date asked me what I thought of her outfit. Before I could reply, she added, "I want to look great, but I want to look like I made no effort whatsoever." These conflicting desires lie at the heart of the aesthetic virtue of cool. Many of us work hard at looking cool, monitoring shifts in fashion, carefully choosing clothes that are not behind the trend, that express our individuality while simultaneously positioning us within the privileged subgroup of people who are in the know. Yet many people who succeed in wearing what is fashionable also fail to be cool. In fact, trying too hard to look cool can be the very thing that prevents us from being cool. Genuinely cool people, it seems, are effortlessly cool.

[19강 – Gateway]

Everyone automatically categorizes and generalizes all the time. Unconsciously. It is not a question of being prejudiced or enlightened. Categories are absolutely necessary for us to function. They give structure to our thoughts. Imagine if we saw every item and every scenario as truly unique - we would not even have a language to describe the world around us. But the necessary and useful instinct to generalize can distort our world view. It can make us mistakenly group together things, or people, or countries that are actually very different. It can make us assume everything or everyone in one category is similar. And, maybe, most unfortunate of all, it can make us jump to conclusions about a whole category based on a few, or even just one, unusual example.

[19강 - Exercise 1]

It is a false belief to think that you are either a big-picture thinker or a detail- oriented person. You cannot be a big-picture thinker without knowing the supporting facts or else you would be an empty suit. The brainpower of zoom in requires attending to facts, content, and the situation at hand. Gathering facts and using them to support a novel approach is essential to enhancing integrated reasoning and deeper level thinking. However, it's a delicate balance of knowing when to gather more information and knowing when to stop looking for more facts to develop a point of view. The key is to toggle back and forth from the immense raw details to form high-level ideas. It is not enough to understand all the facts; it is highly critical to fit them into a larger schema.

[19강 - Exercise 2]

There are a number of reasons to be concerned about language attrition. Language is a key part of each person's identity and is an essential component of a group's cultural and social heritage. Local communities who have lost their language speak about it as a deeply cultural loss which is accompanied by a loss of a sense of self. Speakers whose languages are not endangered are also aware of the importance of language as a marker of identity and pay great attention to difference in dialects and speech patterns. Thus perhaps one of the most compelling reasons to be concerned about language endangerment is that the speakers who lost this part of their heritage deeply regret it and grieve over it. For this reason, so many different communities around the world are currently engaged in language revitalization efforts. Some of those groups whose languages are extinct are now attempting to resurrect them from whatever records have survived.

[19강 - Exercise 3]

When individuals participate in green consumption, they are not being mindful of their actions. One of the key aspects of green consumption is the mindset that people must always search for more efficient ways to live. This leads to constant consumption and replacement of goods. This is not a mindful practice because people are not taking the time to truly understand the consequences of their actions. The example of electric cars perfectly illustrates this point. A mindful individual will understand that buying an electric car is unethical and they ought to continue to use whatever vehicle they already own until it is no longer operational, because the production cost of an electric car or hybrid vehicle makes the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions negligible.

[19강 - Exercise 4]

Routines are beneficial because they allow us to get things done without much thought. For example, if every morning you had to relearn how to dress yourself or cook your breakfast, you'd never make it to work on time. Routines can be harmful, however, if they prevent us from developing a fresh perspective. They are most dangerous when we are least conscious of the extent to which our perception and cognition are guided by them. Sometimes our habits become so integral to our thinking that we fail to identify them as habits, and instead consider them "the way things are done." Thus, we need an occasional shock to shake us out of our mental patterns. I call this shock "a whack on the side of the head," and it can stimulate us to ask the questions that lead us to new answers.

[20강 – Gateway]

One of the most common mistakes made by organizations when they first consider experimenting with social media is that they focus too much on social media tools and platforms and not enough on their business objectives. The reality of success in the social web for businesses is that creating a social media program begins not with insight into the latest social media tools and channels but with a thorough understanding of the organization's own goals and objectives. A social media program is not merely the fulfillment of a vague need to manage a "presence" on popular social networks because "everyone else is doing it." "Being in social media" serves no purpose in and of itself. In order to serve any purpose at all, a social media presence must either solve a problem for the organization and its customers or result in an improvement of some sort (preferably a measurable one). In all things, purpose drives success. The world of social media is no different.

[20강 - Exercise 1]

Most of the time, we conform unconsciously. We don't even have to think about the fact that we are monitoring others and adapting to them. For example, many people start to dress like their boss, although they don't realize it. Even more often, people unconsciously mirror their boss's nonverbal behaviors during a meeting - using similar hand gestures or crossing the same leg, and so on. This is not crazy behavior. Indeed, there does appear to be an evolutionary advantage for those who mirror others. People who dress like their boss actually get paid more and promoted more quickly. When we mirror others, they like us more. Unfortunately, the downside is that we behave in a more conformist fashion.

[20강 - Exercise 2]

Contrary to prophets of the "information age" who joyfully predicted an abundance of high-paying jobs even for people with the most basic of skills, the sobering truth is that many information-processing jobs fit easily into the category of routine production services. The foot soldiers of the information economy are hordes of data processors stationed in "back offices" at computer terminals linked to world- wide information banks. They routinely enter data into computers or take it out again - records of credit card purchases and payments, credit reports, checks that have cleared, customer accounts, customer correspondence, payroll, hospital billings, patient records, medical claims, court decisions, subscriber lists, personnel, library catalogues, and so forth. The "information revolution" may have rendered some of us more productive, but it has also produced huge piles of raw data which must be processed in much the same monotonous way that assembly-line workers and, before them, textile workers processed piles of other raw materials.

[20강 - Exercise 3]

I've always told my daughter she should pursue things until they don't make sense. It was a concept I used professionally which resulted in me being very innovative and forward thinking in my business. It's also a concept that encourages me to be more open-minded and open-hearted to new situations and experiences. However, at some point, the thing you're pursuing may no longer make sense, and you need to learn to jump off the dead horse. Stop banging your head against the wall, and let it go. Sometimes it's very difficult to do, especially when you are emotionally invested, but in the long run, you do realize the dead horse will never take you to your destination.

[20강 - Exercise 4]

A localization economy can be traced to the desire of individuals to compare products. Individuals may prefer to shop for shoes in a regional shopping mall because they can compare the merchandise in four or five different stores in fewer trips. Firms selling similar products may repel one another under some circumstances, but when consumers have a demand for display variety, similar competing establishments may locate together. An additional shoe store in a regional shopping mall may actually benefit all the shoe stores by making the mall a more desirable place to shop for shoes. The additional store may lower the percentage of mall shoe shoppers who make purchases at each existing store, but total sales may increase due to the greater number of shoppers. Retail establishments selling complementary products may also tend to cluster. For instance, theaters and restaurants often locate together, reflecting the fact that people like to eat out before or after seeing a show.

[21강 – Gateway]

Enabling animals to operate in the presence of harmless stimuli is an almost universal function of learning. Most animals innately avoid objects they have not previously encountered. Unfamiliar objects may be dangerous; treating them with caution has survival value. If persisted in, however, such careful behavior could interfere with feeding and other necessary activities to the extent that the benefit of caution would be lost. A turtle that withdraws into its shell at every puff of wind or whenever a cloud casts a shadow would never win races, not even with a lazy rabbit. To overcome this problem, almost all animals habituate to safe stimuli that occur frequently. Confronted by a strange object, an inexperienced animal may freeze or attempt to hide, but if nothing unpleasant happens, sooner or later it will continue its activity. The possibility also exists that an unfamiliar object may be useful, so if it poses no immediate threat, a closer inspection may be worthwhile.

[21강 - Exercise 1]

Big data is often automatically generated by a machine. Instead of a person being involved in creating new data, it's generated purely by machines in an automated way. If you think about traditional data sources, there was always a person involved. Consider retail or bank transactions, telephone call detail records, product shipments, or invoice payments. All of those involve a person doing something in order for a data record to be generated. Somebody had to deposit money, or make a purchase, or make a phone call, or send a shipment, or make a payment. In each case, there is a person who is taking action as part of the process of new data being created. This is not so for big data in many cases. A lot of sources of big data are generated without any human interaction at all. A sensor embedded in an engine, for example, spits out data about its surroundings even if nobody touches it or asks it to.

[21강 - Exercise 2]

Stress responses in adult animals are profoundly affected by prenatal stress and variations in maternal care. The effects of variations in maternal care are transmitted across generations with offspring who experience high maternal care exhibiting lower stress responses and providing high maternal care themselves. Such effects would be adaptive when offspring experience an environment similar to their parents. Mothers providing low maternal care tend to have high-stress responsiveness, as do their offspring when they become adults. However, offspring cross-fostered to other mothers show patterns of stress responsivity more similar to that of their foster mothers. Such results suggest that stress responsivity and maternal care are influenced by early experiences as well as genetic factors. Such regulation is seen in other mammals and even plants.

[21강 - Exercise 3]

Granville T. Woods was born in Columbus, Ohio, on April 23, 1856, to free black parents. He only attended school for a few years before dropping out and spending his time working. As a teenager, Woods held a variety of jobs, including a laborer in a steel mill, a railroad worker, and an apprentice in a machine shop. Woods's passion, however, was electrical engineering. Woods read and studied the subject relentlessly. Like many other black inventors, however, he had difficulty finding work that matched his skills. In the 1880s, after years of frustration, Woods decided to take his life in a new direction. Since he could not find an employer who would give him the work he wanted to do, he went into business for himself instead. Opening a workshop in Cincinnati, he immediately started inventing.

[21강 - Exercise 4]

Some scholars recommend we focus on questions that are easy to answer. This criterion is not without logic: study of the fundamentally unknowable is futile and should be avoided. However, the larger danger lies in pointlessly "looking under the light" when the object sought lies in darkness but could with effort be found. Large parts of social science have already diverted their focus from the important to the easily observed, thereby drifting into trivia. Einstein's general theory of relativity proved hard to test. So should he have restrained himself from devising it? The structure of a scientific program is distorted when researchers shy from the logical next question because its answer will be hard to find. A better solution is to give bonus credit to scholars who take on the harder task of studying the less observable.

[22강 – Gateway]

Official definitions of sport have important implications. When a definition emphasizes rules, competition, and high performance, many people will be excluded from participation or avoid other physical activities that are defined as "second class." For example, when a 12-year-old is cut from an exclusive club soccer team, she may not want to play in the local league because she sees it as "recreational activity" rather than a real sport. This can create a situation in which most people are physically inactive at the same time that a small number of people perform at relatively high levels for large numbers of fans - a situation that negatively impacts health and increases health-care costs in a society or community. When sport is defined to include a wide range of physical activities that are played for pleasure and integrated into local expressions of social life, physical activity rates will be high and overall health benefits are likely.

[22강 - Exercise 1]

The types of sounds, rhythms, and musical textures we find pleasing are generally extensions of previous positive experiences we've had with music in our lives. This is because hearing a song that you like is a lot like having any other pleasant sensory experience - eating chocolate, fresh-picked raspberries, smelling coffee in the morning, seeing a work of art or the peaceful face of someone you love who is sleeping. We take pleasure in the sensory experience, and find comfort in its familiarity and the safety that familiarity brings. I can look at a ripe raspberry, smell it, and anticipate that it will taste good and that the experience will be safe - I won't get sick. If I've never seen a loganberry before, there are so many points in common with the raspberry that I can take the chance in eating it and anticipate that it will be safe.

[22강 - Exercise 2]

Every aspect of training for elite athletes has explicit goals. Everything they do inside and outside the practice venue is goal directed. As coach, you want to help your athletes do two things: be goal directed and set their own goals. When working with your athletes, give them daily, weekly, and monthly goals. You can write them down and give them to your athletes. For example, when I observed a practice in China, I noticed the coach would give each diver a piece of paper with that day's individual practice and goals. Remember, don't limit goals to just the physical practice. They should also have goals for other parts of training such as their warm-up routine, mental training, and conditioning. Also, have your athletes take their sport home with them. Encourage them to keep a journal in which they reflect on their practices and competition performances, set new practice goals, evaluate their short-term and long-term goals, and so on.

[22강 - Exercise 3]

Performers rely on sonic road maps to navigate their way through a composition. This is true for every musical genre or style. Listeners use road maps too. The biggest difference between a performer's road map and a casual listener's road map is the level of complexity. A performer's map is necessarily multi-layered and multifaceted. It consists of many interrelated layers that are accessed to different degrees according to the musical demands. These layers include such basic elements as melody and harmony, rhythm and texture, and others. By comparison, a listener's map might initially include only general outlines and expectations - perhaps just the lyrics of a song, or the overall emotional feeling it projects, or the beat. It takes engaged listening to fill in the details of a musical landscape.

[22강 - Exercise 4]

Joy Batchelor is a British-based animator who founded the Halas and Batchelor studio with John Halas. Batchelor's father encouraged her drawing skills as a child. Despite some difficulties in her childhood, Batchelor won a school scholarship, attending art school in Watford. Her studies were successful but due to a lack of money she was unable to continue and instead began to work. She worked well in an animation studio for three years until it closed, after which she found work at a printing company as a poster designer. She remained with the poster company for six months and met John Halas. After a short trip to John's native Hungary, they returned to Britain where in 1940 they founded Halas and Batchelor studio, and later married. In the 1950s, the studio began work on Animal Farm, which became one of its best- known films as well as Britain's first feature-length animation.

[23강 – Gateway]

Environmental hazards include biological, physical, and chemical ones, along with the human behaviors that promote or allow exposure. Some environmental contaminants are difficult to avoid (the breathing of polluted air, the drinking of chemically contaminated public drinking water, noise in open public spaces); in these circumstances, exposure is largely involuntary. Reduction or elimination of these factors may require societal action, such as public awareness and public health measures. In many countries, the fact that some environmental hazards are difficult to avoid at the individual level is felt to be more morally egregious than those hazards that can be avoided. Having no choice but to drink water contaminated with very high levels of arsenic, or being forced to passively breathe in tobacco smoke in restaurants, outrages people more than the personal choice of whether an individual smokes tobacco. These factors are important when one considers how change (risk reduction) happens.

[23강 - Exercise 1]

There are two forms of strokes - little and big. The only difference between them is that one is the harbinger of the other. Many years earlier, before a full-fledged stroke develops, some of the victims may get temporary attacks of weakness of the body, and these are what are called 'minor' or 'little' strokes. One hears less about them since it is the big strokes which often kill, and that is why they are talked of more often. Little strokes occur in some people for a number of years prior to the development of a big event. The strokes are minor in nature and of varying intensity. A number of times these are missed since the symptoms are so peculiar and of varying intensity. It is very important to look for them since early diagnosis and management may prevent the development of a big stroke.

[23강 - Exercise 2]

Cities harbor an impressive diversity of birds, both residents and migrants, though many species are in decline in urban areas. In Chicago, 5-7 million birds, some 250 species, pass through the city during peak migration times in fall and spring. The city sits smack-dab in the middle of the Mississippi Flyway, an amazing aerial superhighway that connects the Northern and Southern hemispheres. There are so many birds passing through that concerns about collisions with high-rise buildings have prompted the city to initiate a "lights out" campaign, aimed at turning off or dimming these disorienting lights. Studies by the Chicago Field Museum show that the program is effective in significantly reducing the mortality of migrating birds, and although participation in the program is voluntary, companies and building owners are clearly motivated to care for the birds. And of course, there are other benefits, including reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions and, not least, saving money.

[23강 - Exercise 3]

It is an irrefutable feature of our world that everything each and every one of us does affects everyone else, everywhere, because we all share the same air. Little things like recycling your junk mail, installing energy-efficient lightbulbs, and reusing grocery bags, all make a difference, although a seemingly small one. But along with the small changes, making a better future is going to require huge ideas and huge actions. We need to think big, because we are going to have to take big steps as a society. As Rick Smalley put it: "We have to do more with less." We have to provide more food, more water, and more energy to more people, using not just less of Earth's resources - not just less fossil fuel, but no fossil fuel at all. We need to break free of our carbon shackles. I'm sure that if we understand energy and how its production affects the atmosphere, we can do all that.

[23강 - Exercise 4]

Energy drinks are frequently marketed targeting young adults with declarations of increasing mental and physical energy levels as well as providing a short-term boost to mood and performance. However, some energy drinks contain almost three times the caffeine of an average carbonated soda. Although the acute mood effects associated with consuming energy drinks are often positive, regular consumption of energy drinks is associated with undesirable mental health effects such as anxiety, depression, and possibly mood disorders. In one study based on 136 undergraduate students, the authors observed that male students in general consumed more energy drinks than female students. Moreover, students consumed energy drinks when they felt stressed out. However, consuming energy drinks on a regular basis was associated with lower academic performance. In another study based on 502 young males and 567 young females, the authors observed that energy drink consumption (100 mL/day) was significantly associated with anxiety (though not depression) in males but not in females.

[TEST – 01]

Dear Parent: It has always been our concern to promote quality health of the students in our school and to control and manage communicable diseases. Head lice have been discovered in your child's classroom. Although head lice do not transmit diseases, they are, nevertheless, a bother and can cause intense itching and discomfort. This condition is nothing to be embarrassed about. Anyone, regardless of personal hygiene, can contract head lice. Please check your child's head closely for head lice or the small white nits that look like dandruff (they do not brush off easily). It takes a special, fine-toothed comb to remove nits. If you should find head lice on your child, please seek treatment and notify the school immediately. Your cooperation will help us keep this situation under control. Sincerely, Mrs. Hunter

[TEST – 02]

I took a deep breath and threw myself into the giant cone. Like a child, I spun and spun inside the cone. For the first time in a long time, I laughed and giggled. This was fun. When I stopped spinning, I held my breath and prepared for the plunge into the pool. A scream of excitement erupted from my throat when I dropped and hit the water. When the cold water hit me, I moved my arms in striding motion to stay afloat as I had seen the kids do. Then suddenly I remembered I couldn't swim. Within minutes, I was neck-deep in water. Desperately I flapped my arms in a useless attempt to stay afloat, but the more I flapped, the deeper I sank. A fear as cold as ice froze my heart when I realized that there was no foothold.

[TEST – 03]

One of the best pieces of advice I got when my son was really little was from his nursery school teacher, who told parents to pretend that we liked bugs and worms. The reason: my son's class was doing an earth science unit, and she had found that almost all kids love to dig and play with the dirt. That is, until, at pickup time, their parents scream, "Ewwwww, worms are gross!"- which often squashes their interest in biology. Kids get many of their early ideas and prejudices from us. So how you feel about your own work - and how you talk about it in front of your kid - affects how she views work in general. If you enjoy your job, say so. Even if you don't love your job, you can probably say that you love having one. It's important to relay the idea that a job is something to take pride in.

[TEST – 04]

Though there may be no perfect design, we can still speak of good design. We can admire the brilliant solution, appreciate the ingenious device, and enjoy the clever gadget. Imperfect as they may be, they represent the triumph of the human mind over the world of things, and the achievements of accomplished designers uplift the spirit of us all. The pole-vaulter who sets a new record is no less of a champion because he does not clear the next bar height. He had conceived and executed his run, the planting of his pole, and the arc of his body in the best way that he could for that meet, and for the time being, at least, his best is the best. We applaud what he did achieve, with the expectation that someday he or some other athlete may design a better pole or vaulting technique and so set a new record. That is the nature of design.

[TEST – 05]

Instant and early conclusions, solutions, suggestions, and statements about "how we solved that in the past" are the enemies of good problem solving. The good is, most often, the enemy of the better. Defining the problem and taking action occur almost simultaneously for most people. The mentally agile survivor paradoxically puts more energy into playing with the problem mentally - defining more creatively. Voluminous research on problem solving shows conclusively that the more effort one puts into the front end of the problem-solving process, the easier it is to come up with a good solution. This doesn't mean being inactive. It means being highly cognitively active in defining the problem more rigorously.

[TEST – 06]

Many of the technological innovations with the most profound impact on human society originated in settlements along trade routes, where a rich mix of different cultures ignited new ideas. For example, the printing press, which helped spread knowledge to all social classes, was invented by the German Johannes Gutenberg around 1440. This invention relied on several innovations from China, including paper and ink. Paper traveled along trade routes from China to Baghdad, where technology was developed for its mass production. This technology then migrated to Europe, as did water-based ink from China, which was modified by Gutenberg to become oil-based ink. We have the cross-fertilization of diverse cultures to thank for the printing press, and the same can be said for other important inventions.

[TEST – 07]

When you watch a movie first on a large screen in the theater and then on a small video screen, do you see giants on the large screen and Lilliputians on the small screen? Of course not. As with color constancy, which makes us see colors as uniform despite variations, our perception is guided by size constancy, which means we perceive people and their environments as normal sized regardless of whether they appear in a long shot or a close-up on a large movie screen or a small video screen, or whether we are relatively close to or far away from the screen. So long as we know by experience how large or small an object should be, we perceive it as its normal size regardless of screen size, relative image size, or perceived object distance.

[TEST – 08]

Charles Sanders Peirce (pronounced "purse"), the founder of pragmatism, America's only unique philosophy, was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts. His father, Benjamin, was the leading mathematician of the day, and he took a special interest in his son's intellectual development. Under his direction Charles was reading college-level material, including logic, at age twelve, and Benjamin would challenge the boy with highly complex problems that Charles would solve on his own. Although his most significant education came from his father, Charles went on to attend Harvard University, where he received a Bachelor of Science in chemistry in 1863. Yet, he was not a successful student (he usually placed in the lower quarter of his class), partly because he showed scorn for his professors as inadequately qualified to teach him. This arrogance is likely the main reason Peirce lived a difficult life. He died in poverty at age seventy-four in the then-isolated town of Milford, Pennsylvania.

[TEST – 11]

《Incomes at Selected Percentiles by Race and Ethnicity in the U.S.》 The above graph shows respective annual incomes at selected percentiles of four racial and ethnic groups in the U.S. in 2016. The median annual income for Asians was $ 51,288, which was more than the respective median annual incomes of whites, blacks and Hispanics. Also, the income of Asians at the 90th percentile was higher than the income of whites at the 90th percentile: $133,529 versus $117,986. In the same percentile, the incomes of blacks and Hispanics were similar, each being much less than the income of Asians in that percentile. In contrast, Asians at the 10th percentile of their income distribution earned $12,478, less than the income of whites at the 10th percentile. Blacks and Hispanics were behind by even more in the 10th percentile, with incomes of $ 8,201 and $ 9,900, respectively.

[TEST – 12]

If 100 people are interviewed about, say, whether they like a particular brand of peanut butter and it is found that 38 do, we are told that 38 percent of people like that brand. Of course this does not mean that everyone in the world was asked, but the researcher assumes that if 38 percent of the sample liked that brand then it is likely to reflect the opinion of people generally. However, crucial to this assumption is the size of the sample. If you asked just two people if they liked that brand of peanut butter and one did, that would be weak evidence that 50 percent of people liked it. You couldn't assume that the views of two people would match the whole population! Generally the larger the sample the more reliable the survey is likely to be. If the study doesn't say how many people were involved, be suspicious.

[TEST – 13]

Take a close look at a computer chip sometime. You'll notice that it resembles a dense city in miniature, perhaps symbolizing our move toward an ever-more-compact and interactive world. In the same way that microchips are increasing in power by providing more communication pathways, we are seeing the power of direct people- to-people communication, and the collapse of traditional bureaucratic hierarchies. This frees us to communicate in far more, and more profound, ways. For example, a century ago, few people traveled outside their own county. Today, some kids have more friends around the world that they've "met" via the Internet than they do in their local neighborhoods and schools. That's because they have grown up with technologies of interactive communication we never imagined.

[TEST – 14]

Research from New York University and Tel Aviv University has shown that you're more inclined to think creatively when you imagine yourself removed from a problem or situation. Imagining yourself in the mind of somebody else, for example, is a simple way to trick your brain into seeing things in new ways. The act of people watching is one way to do just that. As you watch strangers, you can imagine how they might handle a situation. That thought process allows for ideas that would otherwise be unrealistic or limited by your personal way of thinking. After all, you might not act a certain way, but a stranger could. Imagining how a stranger might act makes it possible for you to think of more radical and imaginative ideas than you might be used to, simply because it's not you acting them out, but someone else you're watching.

[TEST – 15]

For science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) classes, empathy has a natural place. It is an integral part of teaching design thinking, which centers on applying creativity to realize and solve problems. In order to imagine or identify challenges to be addressed, students have to put themselves into the lives and circumstances of others. They have to ask themselves, "What is this person feeling?" "What is his situation like, and how can we make it better for him?" They use their insights from those reflections to address solution-based thinking. Through various processes (brainstorming, inquiry, etc.), they identify a specific way they can solve the problem. They design and test their prototype, still thinking about the ultimate user and making modifications with the user in mind.

[TEST – 16]

Low-productivity firms are often located in industries where the demand is stagnant or falling. This is partly due to the fact that new plants do not need to be built to meet new demands, but it is also due to a human problem. Dying industries simply cannot be managed as efficiently as growing industries. Growing industries attract bright aggressive managers who want to advance rapidly with their companies. In dying industries promotions are few and far between. Smart young managers know that they should be avoided. Who wants a job where the basic problem is to decide who to fire each day and where new, exciting investments are not happening? In a dying industry everyone is out to protect what they have rather than to build something better.

[TEST – 17]

There is an important reason to attract pollinators that has little to do with their pollination services and a lot to do with the fact that they are part of a food chain. In the natural world everything eats something else in order to survive. Those same insects that pollinate our flowers can also prey on a range of pest insects and help keep them under control. They are in turn prey for birds, frogs or lizards. The honeyeaters, for example, that pollinate our flowers while feeding on the nectar within them, also eat insects from under the bark of trees and might themselves become prey for larger birds. Lizards in the mulch eat a range of garden pests and might end up being eaten by magpies.

[TEST – 18]

In an ideal world all arguments would be decided on their merits and not their presentation. But we aren't in an ideal world. There's no getting away from the fact that presentation of an argument is crucial. Advertising is all based on persuading you to buy a product that you would not otherwise buy, and most advertising is the triumph of spin over substance. Many people have won arguments, based on bad grounds, because they've made their points well. And many people with good points have lost their argument because they failed to make their case attractively.

[TEST – 19]

To illustrate both the advantages and disadvantages of an even partly iconographic writing, the Chinese script provides a good example. There is the large number of signs: 3,000 to 4,000 characters for everyday use, 50,000 for scholars studying the classical texts (as compared to the Latin alphabet which now uses some 26 signs). Why then has the Chinese script been so successful, lasting, apart from comparatively few minor remodelings, well over 4,000 years? Simply because as a concept script Chinese does not depend on the spoken language. This made it, throughout Chinese history, an ideal means of communication in an empire whose people spoke a large number of different dialects yet were all ruled by the same centre.

[TEST – 20]

There has been a lot of interest in the idea of emotional intelligence. Many people are not in touch with their emotions and feel incapable of expressing their feelings. The results everywhere are obvious and catastrophic. In part, this is the legacy of the academic illusion. Conventional education separates intelligence from feeling, and concentrates only on particular aspects of the first. This is why being highly educated is no guarantee of emotional intelligence. Yet there is an intimate relationship between knowing and feeling: how we feel is directly related to what we know and think. Creativity is not a purely intellectual process. It is enriched by other capacities and in particular by feelings, intuition and by a playful imagination.

[TEST – 21]

The importance of experimental learning depends strongly on the nature of the activity: there are high-risk activities in which the agents have to limit their experiments because they could conflict with the "normal performance" that has to be achieved. Airline pilots or surgeons cannot learn in this way. Similarly, people managing a marshalling yard or regulating the flow of subway train traffic will avoid any type of experiment in the normal course of their work. The error element of their professional trial-and-error is rarely consequential at least insofar as outcomes can be rapidly assessed and methods adapted. The fact of being able to carry out this type of learning depends on the nature of the risk and the immediacy (or delay) of the effect. By contrast, a teacher can carry out educational experiments and a craftsman can look for new solutions to a particular problem during the production process. Thus, explicitly cognitive learning consists of a series of planned but weakly controlled experiments.

[TEST – 22]

Blocking can occur in diverse situations. Engaged in casual conversation, you block on a word in the middle of a sentence. Stage actors fear those relatively rare but embarrassing moments in a scene when they block on their lines. And students are afraid of the awful realization that they have blocked on an exam answer they studied diligently, and might even recall spontaneously after finishing the test. But blocking occurs most often with people's names. In surveys that probe different types of memory failures in everyday life, blocking on the names of familiar people invariably emerges at or near the top of the list. Name blocking is especially troublesome for older adults: the single biggest complaint of cognitive difficulties by adults past age fifty - by far - involves problems remembering the names of familiar people.

[TEST – 23]

A date or time by which the goal is to be accomplished should be specified. The presence or absence of a deadline is a critical attribute of any goal-setting exercise. Deadlines stimulate action, and the closer the deadline, the more motivation to act. The absence of a deadline makes the urgency of the goal indefinite and hence less motivating. For example, there are a disproportionately large number of plays during the last few minutes of a football game because the team that is behind faces a deadline for scoring more points or losing the game. Similar increases in activity occur toward the end of the trading period each day on the New York Stock Exchange. Think of your own behavior when a test date is rapidly approaching, and you begin to increase your preparation activities.

[TEST – 24~25]

When you are busy creating a new habit, there is a pitfall you should know about, because if you don't, you will fail again and again and again. Let me illustrate it with an example. Suppose you want to learn a new move in tennis. In the beginning, will you get better or worse results with your new move? You will get worse results of course. So the result curve will go down and only after a certain amount of time will it become level and then your results may improve beyond your old habit. Okay. Now back to the starting point: the new move, will it cost more or less energy than the old move? It will cost more of course, it being a new move. After a while you get used to it, it becomes a habit, and it will cost less energy. So now let's look at the area between the downward curve of the results and the upward curve of the energy. Suppose you are at point 'X'. You have been busy with the new habit for a while. The results are getting worse all the time. You have to put more energy into it than before. What is your conclusion?

[TEST – 26~28]

When Linda Birtish was 28, her doctors discovered she had an enormous brain tumor. They told her that her chances of surviving an operation were about 2 percent. They chose to wait six months. She knew she had great artistry in her. So during those six months she wrote and drew eagerly. All of her poetry was published. All of her pictures, except one piece, were shown and sold. At the end of six months, she had the operation. The night before the operation, in case of her death, she wrote a "will" in which she donated all of her body parts to those in need. Her operation was fatal. Her eyes went to an eye bank in Bethesda, Maryland, and to a recipient in South Carolina. A young man, age 28, went from darkness to sight. He wrote a thank-you letter to the eye bank. Furthermore, he wanted to thank the parents of the donor. He was given the name of the Birtish family and flew to see them on Staten Island. He arrived unannounced. After he made his introduction, Mrs. Birtish embraced him. She said, "Young man, if you've got nowhere to go, my husband and I would love for you to spend your weekend with us." He stayed, and as he was looking around Linda's room, he saw that she'd read Plato. He'd read Plato in Braille. She'd read Hegel. He'd read Hegel in Braille. The next morning Mrs. Birtish was looking at him and said, "You know, I'm sure I've seen you somewhere before, but I don't know where." All of a sudden she remembered. She ran upstairs and pulled out the last picture Linda had drawn. It was a portrait of her ideal man. The picture was virtually identical to this young man who had received Linda's eyes.