다음 중 바른 어휘를 선택하세요. 1993-18 
Welcome to Rock Climbing Club and hope you will get the most out of this rewarding sport. As beginners, you may be nervous in anticipation of your first climb. Many of you have asked about what climbing equipment to buy, such as boots, ropes, helmets, and gloves. You don't have to bother yourself with these [unconcerns / concerns]. We offer a special service that will rent you all the equipment you will ever need for climbing. The rental service is always [available / unavailable] for our members. Just come on Saturday, ask for the rental service, and be ready to have a fun climb. I look [backward / forward] to seeing you all this Saturday at 9 a.m.


 다음 중 바른 어휘를 선택하세요. 1993-19 
Rachel loved watching birds in the woods. However, she was [confined / invasived] to the house because of a broken leg. She turned on the TV but nothing was interesting. She tried to read a book but it was not fun at all. All she could do was sit, look at her broken leg, and watch the clock. As she was listening to the [dull / brightest] tick-tock of the clock, her phone vibrated. It was a message with an audio file from her dad. As she opened it, a huge smile spread across her face. Her dad had sent a recording of a little wren's song ― her favorite bird song. Listening to the bright warm sounds lifted her [spiritless / spirits] and made her day [more / less] [pleasant / unpleasant].


 다음 중 바른 어휘를 선택하세요. 1993-20 
Unless your company offers a class on how to give and receive feedback, don't assume those around you, including your boss, know how to give [affirmative / negative] feedback. They may be too [aggressive / unaggressive]. Too [indirect / direct]. Maybe even a little mean. Perhaps they are bad at giving feedback because no one ever taught them how. Or perhaps they've had bosses who were bad at giving them feedback. Try to brush aside the stuff that [offends / keeps] or upsets you to really try to hear what they are saying you can do [better / worse] next time. And if they only tell you things like, "don't let that happen again," then work to figure out what you can do [better / worse] next time, so that it doesn't actually happen again. Preparing to solve a problem for next time feels [better / worse] than getting upset about our failure to solve it this time.


 다음 중 바른 어휘를 선택하세요. 1993-21 
For a long time, tourism was seen as a huge monster invading the areas of indigenous peoples, introducing them to the evils of the modern world. However, research has shown that this is not the [correct / incorrect] way to perceive it. In most places, tourists are welcome and indigenous people see tourism as a path to modernity and economic development. But such development is always a two-edged sword. Tourism can mean [recede / progress], but most often also means the [loss / gain] of traditions and cultural uniqueness. And, of course, there are examples of 'cultural pollution', 'vulgarization' and 'phony-folk-cultures'. The [background / foreground] for such [characteristics / uncharacteristics] is often [more / less] or [less / more] romantic and the normative ideas of a [latter / former] or prevailing authenticity. Ideally (to some) there should exist ancient cultures for modern consumers to gaze at, or even step into for a while, while [staying / travelling] or on holiday. This is a cage model that is difficult to [attack / defend] in a global world where we all, indigenous or not, are part of the same social fabric.


 다음 중 바른 어휘를 선택하세요. 1993-22 
While genetic advancements are often reported as environmentally [independent / dependent] or [immodest / modest] in effect size in academic publications, these are often translated to the [public / private] in deterministic language through the media. Sociologists of genetics argue that media portrayals of genetic influences on health have [decreased / increased] considerably over time, becoming part of the [public / private] discourse through which individuals understand symptoms, make help-seeking decisions, and form views of people with particular traits or [preconditions / conditions]. The media is the [secondary / primary] source of information about genetic advances and their applications, but it does not provide a [negative / neutral] discourse. Rather, information is selectively [included / excluded] or [ignored / respected], and scientific and clinical implications of genetic discoveries are often [accurate / inaccurate] or [overstated / downplayd]. This "genetic [pessimism / optimism]" has influenced [public / private] opinion, and research suggests that [extraordinary / ordinary] people are largely [accepting / rejecting] of genetic explanations for health and [misbehavior / behavior] and tend to [underestimate / overestimate] the heritability of common diseases for [adoptive / biological] [absolutes / relatives].


 다음 중 바른 어휘를 선택하세요. 1993-23 
Libraries are becoming increasingly interested in the services they are providing for their users. This is an important focus ― especially as [more / less] and [more / less] information becomes [available / unavailable] electronically. However, the traditional [strengths / weaks] of libraries have always been their collections. This is true still today ― especially in research libraries. Also, collection makeup is the hardest thing to change quickly. For example, if a library has a long tradition of heavily collecting [spirituals / materials] [unpublished / published] in Mexico, then even if that library stops [purchasing / selling] all Mexican imprints, its Mexican collection will still be large and [depressive / impressive] for several years to come unless they start withdrawing books. Likewise, if a library has not collected much in a subject, and then decides to start collecting heavily in that area it will take several years for the collection to be large [enough / insufficient] and rich [enough / insufficient] to be considered an important research tool.


 다음 중 바른 어휘를 선택하세요. 1993-24 
From the late nineteenth century on, the dullness found in the senile, their [isolation / connectedness] and withdrawal, their clinging to the past and [lack / abundance] of interest in worldly affairs were characteristically [represented / undelineated] as the symptoms of senility ― the social [shame / honor] of the [inevitable / evitable] [ascent / deterioration] of the brain. Following World War II, academic discourse on aging typically [represented / undelineated] these as the causes of senility. The location of senile mental [ascent / deterioration] was no longer the aging brain but a society that, through [voluntary / involuntary] retirement, social [isolation / connectedness], and the loosening of traditional family ties, [dresed / stripped] the elderly of the roles that had [sustained / suspended] meaning in their lives. When elderly people were [deprived / derived] of these meaningful social roles, when they became increasingly [isolated / integrated] and were cut off from the interests and activities that had earlier [unoccupied / occupied] them, not surprisingly their mental functioning [recovered / deteriorated]. The elderly did not so much lose their minds as lose their place.


 다음 중 바른 어휘를 선택하세요. 1993-25 
The three pie charts [below / above] show the percentages of American adults' responses to a survey conducted in 2017. The survey asked whether people should be [allowed / prohibited] to fly drones at three locations: [public / private] parks, beaches, and near people's homes. While 44% of the respondents said people should be [allowed / prohibited] to fly drones in [public / private] parks, 25% said people should not be [allowed / prohibited] to do so. When asked if people should be [allowed / prohibited] to fly drones on beaches, 35% of the respondents said it should be [allowed / prohibited] and 32% said it should not. [more / less] than half of the respondents said people should not be [allowed / prohibited] to fly drones near people's homes. [more / less] than 10% of the respondents said people should be [allowed / prohibited] to fly drones near people's homes. For each of the three locations, the [disproportion / proportion] of the respondents who chose "It depends" is [below / above] 30%.


 다음 중 바른 어휘를 선택하세요. 1993-26 
Born in 1927 in Cleveland, Ohio, Carl Stokes had a hard time early in his life. When he was a young child, his father died. As he grew up, he held many odd jobs to help his family. Stokes graduated from Cleveland-Marshall College of Law and passed the bar exam. He [established / disproved] a law firm in 1962. A few years later, he ran for Mayor of Cleveland and lost, but he entered the race again in the next election and won. He became the first African-American mayor of the city. After [get / retiring] from politics, he moved to New York City and became a TV news anchor. Later in his life, he was [appointed / disappointed] the US Ambassador to the Republic of Seychelles. His amazing life finally came to an end in his birth city in 1996.


 다음 중 바른 어휘를 선택하세요. 1993-29 
To begin with a psychological reason, the knowledge of another's personal affairs can tempt the possessor of this information to repeat it as gossip because as unrevealed information it remains socially [inactive / active]. Only when the information is repeated can its possessor turn the fact that he knows something into something socially [valuable / worthless] like social recognition, prestige, and notoriety. As long as he keeps his information to himself, he may feel [superior / inferior] to those who do not know it. But knowing and not telling does not give him that feeling of "[superiority / inferiority] that, so to say, latently contained in the secret, fully actualizes itself only at the moment of disclosure." This is the main motive for gossiping about well-known figures and [superiors / inferiors]. The gossip producer assumes that some of the "fame" of the subject of gossip, as whose "friend" he presents himself, will rub off on him.


 다음 중 바른 어휘를 선택하세요. 1993-30 
One [conception / misconception] that often appears in the writings of physical scientists who are looking at biology from the [outside / inside] is that the environment appears to them to be a [mobile / static] entity, which cannot contribute new bits of information as [evolution / devolution] [recedees / progresses]. This, however, is by no means the case. Far from being [mobile / static], the environment is constantly changing and offering new challenges to evolving populations. For higher organisms, the most [significant / insignificant] changes in the environment are those [consumed / produced] by the contemporaneous [evolution / devolution] of other organisms. The [evolution / devolution] of a horse's hoof from a five-toed foot has [enabled / disabled] the horse to gallop rapidly over open plains. But such galloping is of no [advantage / disadvantage] to a horse unless it is being chased by a predator. The horse's [inefficient / efficient] mechanism for running would never have [evolved / involved] except for the fact that meat-eating predators were at the same time evolving [less / more] [inefficient / efficient] methods of attack. Consequently, laws based upon ecological relationships among [different / similar] kinds of organisms are essential for understanding [evolution / devolution] and the diversity of life to which it has given rise.


 다음 중 바른 어휘를 선택하세요. 1993-31 
When you begin to tell a story again that you have retold many times, what you retrieve from memory is the index to the story itself. That index can be embellished in a variety of ways. Over time, even the embellishments become standardized. An old man's story that he has told hundreds of times shows little variation, and any variation that does exist becomes part of the story itself, regardless of its origin. People add details to their stories that may or may not have occurred. They are recalling indexes and reconstructing details. If at some point they add a nice detail, not really [certain / uncertain] of its validity, telling the story with that same detail a few [less / more] times will ensure its [impermanent / permanent] place in the story index. In other words, the stories we tell time and again are [fraternal / identical] to the memory we have of the events that the story [dissociates / relates].


 다음 중 바른 어휘를 선택하세요. 1993-32 
With population [growth / decrease] [accelerateing / slowing], the strongest force increasing [supply / demand] for [more / less] agricultural production will be rising [incomes / expenditures], which are [desired / undesired] by practically all governments and individuals. Although richer people spend smaller [disproportions / proportions] of their [income / expenditure] on food, in total they [consume / produce] [more / less] food ― and richer food, which contributes to various kinds of disease and debilitation. The changes in diet that usually accompany higher [incomes / expenditures] will require relatively greater [increases / decreases] in the production of feed grains, rather than food grains, as foods of animal origin [altogether / partly] displace plant-based foods in people's diets. It takes two to six times [more / less] grain to [produce / consume] food value through animals than to get the [equivalent / unequal] value directly from plants. It is thus quite [incredible / credible] to estimate that in order to meet economic and social needs within the next three to five decades, the world should be producing [more / less] than twice as much grain and agricultural products as at present, but in ways that these are [accessible / inaccessible] to the food-[secure / insecure].


 다음 중 바른 어휘를 선택하세요. 1993-33 
If one looks at the Oxford definition, one gets the sense that post-truth is not so much a [disclaim / claim] that truth does not exist as that facts are [dominant / subordinate] to our political point of view. The Oxford definition focuses on "what" post-truth is: the idea that feelings sometimes matter [less / more] than facts. But just as important is the next question, which is why this ever occurs. Someone does not argue [against / for] an [doubtful / obvious] or easily confirmable fact for no reason; he or she does so when it is to his or her [advantage / disadvantage]. When a person's beliefs are threatened by an "[inconvenient / convenient] fact," sometimes it is preferable to challenge the fact. This can happen at either a [conscious / unconscious] or [conscious / unconscious] level (since sometimes the person we are seeking to convince is ourselves), but the point is that this sort of post-truth relationship to facts occurs only when we are seeking to assert something that is [less / more] important to us than the truth itself.


 다음 중 바른 어휘를 선택하세요. 1993-34 
The debates between social and cultural anthropologists [unconcern / concern] not the differences between the concepts but the analytical [posteriority / priority]: which should come first, the social chicken or the cultural egg? British anthropology [sacrifices / emphasizes] the social. It assumes that social institutions determine culture and that universal domains of society (such as kinship, economy, politics, and religion) are [undelineated / represented] by [general / specific] institutions (such as the family, subsistence farming, the British Parliament, and the Church of England) which can be compared cross-culturally. American anthropology [sacrifices / emphasizes] the cultural. It assumes that culture shapes social institutions by providing the shared beliefs, the core values, the [communicative / uncommunicative] tools, and so on that make social life [possible / impossible]. It does not assume that there are universal social domains, preferring instead to discover domains empirically as aspects of each society's own classificatory schemes ― in other words, its culture. And it [accepts / rejects] the notion that any social institution can be understood in [isolation / connectedness] from its own context.


 다음 중 바른 어휘를 선택하세요. 1993-35 
Much of what we do each day is automatic and guided by habit, requiring little [unconscious / conscious] awareness, and that's not a bad thing. As Duhigg explains, our habits are [necessary / unnecessary] mental energy savers. We need to [enforce / relieve] our [unconscious / conscious] minds so we can solve new problems as they come up. Once we've solved the puzzle of how to ballroom dance, for example, we can do it by habit, and so be mentally freed to focus on a conversation while dancing instead. But try to talk when first learning to dance the tango, and it's a disaster ― we need our [unconscious / conscious] attention to focus on the steps. Imagine how little we'd accomplish if we had to focus consciously on every [behavior / misbehavior] ― e.g., on where to place our feet for each step we take.


 다음 중 바른 어휘를 선택하세요. 1993-36 
A sovereign state is usually [undefined / defined] as one whose citizens are free to determine their own affairs without [noninterference / interference] from any agency beyond its territorial borders. But freedom in space (and [unlimits / limits] on its territorial [intent / extent]) is merely one [characteristic / uncharacteristic] of sovereignty. Freedom in time (and [unlimits / limits] on its temporal [intent / extent]) is equally important and probably [more / less] fundamental. Sovereignty and citizenship require freedom from the past at least as much as freedom from contemporary powers. No state could be sovereign if its inhabitants [abundanceed / lacked] the ability to change a course of action [adopted / adapted] by their forefathers in the past, or even one to which they once [divested / committed] themselves. No citizen could be a full member of the community so long as she was tied to ancestral traditions with which the community might wish to break ― the problem of Antigone in Sophocles' [tragedy / comedy]. Sovereignty and citizenship thus require not only borders in space, but also borders in time.


 다음 중 바른 어휘를 선택하세요. 1993-37 
Because a main goal of science is to discover lawful relationships, science assumes that what is being [investigated / invested] is lawful. For example, the chemist assumes that chemical reactions are lawful, and the physicist assumes that the physical world is lawful. The assumption that what is being studied can be understood in terms of causal laws is called determinism. Richard Taylor [defined / undefined] determinism as the philosophical doctrine that "states that for everything that ever happens there are [preconditions / conditions] such that, given them, nothing else could happen." The determinist, then, assumes that everything that occurs is a function of a [finite / infinite] number of causes and that, if these causes were known, an event could be [predicted / prevented] with [complete / compete] [accuracy / inaccuracy]. However, knowing all causes of an event is not [necessary / unnecessary]; the determinist simply assumes that they exist and that as [more / less] causes are known, predictions become [more / less] [inaccurate / accurate]. For example, almost everyone would agree that the weather is a function of a [finite / infinite] number of [invariables / variables] such as sunspots, high-altitude jet streams, and barometric pressure; yet weather forecasts are always probabilistic because many of these [invariables / variables] change constantly, and others are simply unknown.


 다음 중 바른 어휘를 선택하세요. 1993-38 
There is obviously a wide gap between the promises of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 and the real world of human-rights violations. In so far as we sympathize with the victims, we may [praise / criticize] the UN and its member governments for failing to keep their promises. However, we cannot understand the gap between human-rights ideals and the real world of human-rights violations by [antipathy / sympathy] or by [illegal / legal] [analysis / synthesis]. Rather, it requires [investigation / investment] by the various social sciences of the causes of social conflict and political oppression, and of the interaction between national and international politics. The UN introduced the concept of human rights into international law and politics. The field of international politics is, however, dominated by states and other powerful actors (such as multinational [incorporations / corporations]) that have priorities other than human rights. It is a leading [lack / feature] of the human-rights field that the governments of the world proclaim human rights but have a highly [invariable / variable] record of [implementing / exempting] them. We must understand why this is so.


 다음 중 바른 어휘를 선택하세요. 1993-39 
Representational theories of art [treat / untreat] the work of the artist as [different / similar] to that of the scientist. Both, so to speak, are [involved / excluded] in describing the [internal / external] world. But by the nineteenth century, any comparison between the scientist and the artist was [free / bound] to make the artist look like a poor relation in terms of making discoveries about the world or holding a mirror up to nature. Here, science clearly had the edge. So, there was a social pressure for art to come up with some vocation that both distinguished it from science and, at the same time, made it [different / equal] in stature to science. The notion that art [specialized / generalized] in the expression of the emotions was particularly [attractive / unattractive] in this light. It rendered unto science its own ― the exploration of the [subjective / objective] world ― while saving something comparably important for art to do ― to explore the [outer / inner] world of feeling. If science held the mirror up to nature, art turned a mirror at the self and its experiences.


 다음 중 바른 어휘를 선택하세요. 1993-40 
Over the past few decades, architecture as an idea and practice has increasingly [limited / unlimited] its definition of itself. In the foreseeable future, the instrumentality of architecture in effecting actual change ― that is, change that challenges the dominance of commercial institutions, their aims, and values ― will diminish. While the present day seems to be a time of unparalleled [convention / innovation] and freedom of choice, the reality is that architectural styles and forms are often the [unattractive / attractive] packaging and repackaging of the same [proven / disproven], marketable concepts. The speed with which "[radical / cauline]" designs by celebrity architects achieve [acceptance / rejection] and popularity [disproves / demonstrates] that [informal / formal] [convention / innovation] has itself become an important commodity. However, beneath the cloak of radicalism, the [innovations / conventions] of existing building typologies and programs, with all their [discomforting / comforting] [unfamiliarity / familiarity], still rule ― and sell. What is needed desperately today are approaches to architecture that can free its potential to transform our ways of thinking and acting.


 다음 중 바른 어휘를 선택하세요. 1993-4142 
Much of our knowledge of the biology of the oceans is [derived / deprived] from "blind" sampling. We use instruments to measure [bulk / minority] properties of the environment, such as salinity and temperature, and we use bottle or net samples to [extract / insert] knowledge about the organisms living in the ocean. This kind of approach has contributed important knowledge but has also influenced the way we view marine life. It leads us to focus on [abundances / lacks], production rates, and [distribution / concentration] patterns. Such a perspective is very [irrelevant / relevant] in the context of the ocean as a resource for fisheries. It is also helpful in developing an understanding of biogeochemical issues such as ocean carbon fluxes. But on its own, this approach is [insufficient / enough], even for those purposes. The kind of intuition that we develop about marine life is, of course, influenced by the way we observe it. Because the ocean is [inaccessible / accessible] to us and most planktonic organisms are microscopic, our intuition is [elementary / advanced] compared, for example, to the intuitive understanding we have about (macroscopic) terrestrial life. Our understanding of the biology of planktonic organisms is still based mainly on examinations of (dead) individuals, field samples, and incubation experiments, and even our sampling may be severely [unbiased / biased] toward those organisms that are not [destroyed / constructed] by our harsh sampling methods. Similarly, experimental observations are [limited / unlimited] to those organisms that we can collect live and keep and [undermine / cultivate] in the laboratory.


 다음 중 바른 어휘를 선택하세요. 1993-4345 
Nancy and her daughter, Carol, were at the Eiffel Tower, as the sun was setting over Paris. The sunset that they saw was beyond description. "Thank you, Carol. I can't believe I am in Paris with you. It has been my lifelong dream to visit this beautiful city." Nancy thanked her daughter for this special trip that she had prepared in secret. Their trip to France was Carol's surprise gift for the sixtieth birthday of her mother ― a woman who had [sacrificed / emphasized] all her life for her only daughter. As the sky grew dark, Carol [unhurried / hurried] because she had prepared another secret surprise for Nancy. "Mom, let's go enjoy our dinner before it gets too late. I [reserved / unreserved] a table at a French restaurant for you." Their [unpleasant / pleasant] evening, however, was unexpectedly interrupted as they waited to get a taxi. It took them a really long time to catch one. Even after they finally got in, the taxi got caught in heavy traffic. They were late for their reservation. When at last they arrived at the restaurant, to make matters worse, they were [charged / discharged] three times [less / more] than the usual fare due to the heavy traffic. Yet a happy turn of events was waiting for them. The restaurant was fantastic and all the staff were very polite and kind. The French cuisine was delicious. "This is the best food I have ever had! I will never forget this dinner with you," said Nancy, thanking Carol for another surprise gift. While they were enjoying dessert, a server approached them and asked, "Excuse me, who is Nancy Holloway between the two of you?" "I am," answered Nancy with a curious look. Then he gave a lovely bouquet of [roses / fells] to Nancy, saying, "This gift is from your daughter. She called yesterday and asked us to prepare this celebration for you." Surprised, she looked at her smiling daughter. Carol winked and said, "You deserve this and [less / more], Mom. Thank you for everything you have ever done for me."