{"text_format":"1","workbook":"xlsx","n_sheets":24,"sheets":["Main","Data","Program","Sheet1","Vortex Flowmeter","Orifice Flowmeter","Magnetic Flowmeter","Ultrasonic Transit time","Ultrasonic Doppler","Variable Area Flowmeter","Target Flowmeter","Positive Displacement","Thermal Flowmeter","Coriolis Flowmeter","Wedge Flowmeter","Pitot Tube Flowmeter","Flow Nozzles Flowmeter","Swirlmeter Flowmeter","Fluidic Flowmeter","Turbine Flowmeter","Venturi Flowmeter","V-cone Flowmeter","Help","Back to main"],"not_rendered":{"charts":0,"images":62,"macros":1,"external_links":0,"defined_names":13,"comments":1,"pivot_tables":0},"unopened":[],"bounds":{"document_bytes":16777216,"sheet_cells":100000,"rows_first":2000,"rows_last":500,"rows_between":2000,"halvings":0,"cell_chars":16384,"cell_head_chars":4096},"cells_cut":0,"cells_raw":0,"read":"whole","date_system":"1900"}

{"sheet":"Main","index":0,"n_rows":25,"n_cols":18,"rows_kept":25,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[0,7,1,10],[19,14,19,16],[19,17,19,19],[20,14,20,16],[20,17,20,19],[21,14,21,16],[21,17,21,19],[25,14,25,16],[26,14,26,16],[27,14,27,16],[26,17,26,19],[27,17,27,19],[22,14,22,16],[22,17,22,19],[23,14,23,16],[23,17,23,19],[24,14,24,16],[24,17,24,19],[25,17,25,19]]}
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Flowmeter selection",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Help"]
[]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Installation condition",null,null,null,null,"Process condition"]
[null,"What type of fluid to be handled?",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Min.","Normal","Max."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Line size",null,null,4.0,"Inches",null,"Design temperature",10.0,20.0,30.0,"C"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Operating temperature",5.0,15.0,20.0,"C"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Available upstream length",null,null,2.0,"D"]
[null,"Fluid Characteristic",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Design pressure",1.0,2.0,3.0,"bar"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Available downstream length",null,null,2.0,"D",null,"Operating pressure",1.0,2.0,3.0,"bar"]
[]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Is there any possibility of wax build up?",null,null,null,null,null,"Mass flow rate",10.0,20.0,30.0,"kg/h"]
[null,"Is the fluid corrosive?"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Density",1.0,2.0,3.0,"kg/m^3"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Is there excessive pipe vibration?"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Viscosity",0.1,0.2,0.3,"cP"]
[]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Will the flow be steady or pulsating?",null,null,null,null,null,"Designed for this service",null,"Normally applicable"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Applicable, consult manufacture"]
[null,"General flow measurement requirement",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Flowmeter Suggestion"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Variable Area flowmeter"]
[null,"Overall accuracy (%)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Min","Max",null,null,"Positive Displacement"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ambient temperature",null,15.0,30.0,"C",null,"Coriolis Flowmeter"]
[]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ambient humidity",null,30.0,45.0,"%"]
[null,"Rangeability"]

{"sheet":"Data","index":1,"n_rows":24,"n_cols":17,"rows_kept":24,"cut":false,"hidden":true,"merged":[]}
["Fluid type",null,"User input",null,"Fluid Characteristic",null,"User input",null,"Corrosive?",null,"accuracy (%)",null,"User input",null,"Rangeability"]
[null,null,"Ans",null,null,null,"Ans",null,"Ans",null,null,null,"Ans",null,null,"user input"]
[1.0,"Liquid",1.0,null,1.0,"Clean",1.0,null,2.0,null,"+/- 5%",null,1.0,null,"All",1.0]
[2.0,"Gas/Vapour",{"$f":"LOOKUP(C3,A3:A12,B3:B12)","v":"Liquid"},null,2.0,"Dirty",{"$f":"LOOKUP(G3,E3:E12,F3:F12)","v":"Clean"},null,{"$f":"IF(I3=1,\"Yes\",\"No\")","v":"No"},null,"+/- 2%",null,{"$f":"LOOKUP(M3,A3:A12,K3:K7)","v":"+/- 5%"},null,"3:1 or better",{"$f":"LOOKUP(P3,A3:A10,O3:O6)","v":"All"}]
[3.0,"Steam",null,null,3.0,"Slurry",null,null,null,null,"+/- 1%",null,null,null,"5:1 or better"]
[4.0,"Multiphase",null,null,4.0,null,null,null,null,null,"+/- 0.5%",null,null,null,"10:1 or better"]
[5.0,null,null,null,5.0,null,null,null,null,null,"Fiscal/Custody Transfer",null,null,null,"20:1 or better"]
[6.0,null,null,null,6.0]
[7.0,null,null,null,7.0]
[8.0,null,null,null,8.0]
[9.0,null,null,null,9.0]
[10.0,null,null,null,10.0]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Units"]
[null,"waxy?",null,null,"vibration?",null,null,null,"steady or pulsating?",null,null,"Temperature","Pressure","Massflowrate","Density","Viscosity","Linesize"]
[1.0,"Yes",2.0,null,"Yes",2.0,null,null,"Steady",1.0,null,"C","bar","kg/h","kg/m^3","cP","m"]
[2.0,"No",{"$f":"LOOKUP(C15,A15:A16,B15:B16)","v":"No"},null,"No",{"$f":"LOOKUP(F15,A15:A16,E15:E16)","v":"No"},null,null,"Pulsating",{"$f":"LOOKUP(J15,A15:A16,I15:I16)","v":"Steady"},null,"K","psi","kg/s","kg/l","slug/fts","Inches"]
[3.0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"F","mmHg","slug/s","lb/in^3","lbs/ft^2","mm"]
[4.0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"atm","lb/s","slug/in^3","kgs/m^2"]
[5.0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"oz/s"]
[6.0]
[7.0]
[8.0]
[9.0]
[10.0]

{"sheet":"Program","index":2,"n_rows":50,"n_cols":13,"rows_kept":50,"cut":false,"hidden":true,"merged":[]}
["Unit conversions"]
[null,null,null,null,"Original Number",null,null,null,"Safetyfactor","Reynolds number",{"$f":"IF(OR(AND(B11=0,D11=0),Main!K5=0),1,0)","v":0}]
["Temperature","Min","Normal","Max","Min.","Normal","Max",null,1.0]
["Ambient temperature",15.0,null,30.0,{"$f":"Main!J22","v":15},null,{"$f":"Main!K22","v":30},"C",1.0,"Min","Max"]
["Design temperature",10.0,20.0,30.0,{"$f":"Main!O5","v":10},{"$f":"Main!P5","v":20},{"$f":"Main!Q5","v":30},"C",null,{"$f":"((4*B9)/(PI()*(B12*2.54/100)))/(B11*0.1)","v":3.481079245},{"$f":"((4*D9)/(PI()*B12*2.54/100))/(D11*0.1)","v":3.481079245}]
["Operating temperature",5.0,15.0,20.0,{"$f":"Main!O6","v":5},{"$f":"Main!P6","v":15},{"$f":"Main!Q6","v":20},"C"]
["Design Pressure",1.0,2.0,3.0,{"$f":"Main!O8","v":1},{"$f":"Main!P8","v":2},{"$f":"Main!Q8","v":3},"bar",null,"Max viscosity"]
["Operating Pressure",1.0,2.0,3.0,{"$f":"Main!O9","v":1},{"$f":"Main!P9","v":2},{"$f":"Main!Q9","v":3},"bar",null,{"$f":"MAX(B11,C11,D11)","v":0.3}]
["Mass flow rate",0.00277777777777778,0.00555555555555556,0.00833333333333333,{"$f":"Main!O11","v":10},{"$f":"Main!P11","v":20},{"$f":"Main!Q11","v":30},"kg/s"]
["Density",1.0,2.0,3.0,{"$f":"Main!O13","v":1},{"$f":"Main!P13","v":2},{"$f":"Main!Q13","v":3},"kg/m^3",null,"Max temperature","Min Temperature","Max Vol","Min Vol"]
["Viscosity",0.1,0.2,0.3,{"$f":"Main!O15","v":0.1},{"$f":"Main!P15","v":0.2},{"$f":"Main!Q15","v":0.3},"cP",null,{"$f":"MAX(B6*I3,C6*I3,D6*I3)","v":20},{"$f":"MIN(B6*I4,C6*I4,D6*0.7)","v":5},{"$f":"D9/D10","v":0.002777777778},{"$f":"B9/B10","v":0.002777777778}]
["Line size",4.0,null,null,{"$f":"Main!K5","v":4},null,null,"Inches",null,"Max pressure","Min pressure"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"MAX(B8*I3,C8*I3,D8*I3)","v":3},{"$f":"MIN(B8*I4,C8*I4,D8*I4)","v":1}]
["Logic"]
[null,"Clean Liquids","Dirty Liquids","Corrosive Liquids","Viscous Liquids","Abrasive Slurries","Fibrous Slurries","Low Velocity Flows","Vapour/Gas","High Temp. service","Cryogenic service"]
["Magnetic",2.0,2.0,2.0,1.0,2.0,2.0,2.0,0.0,1.0,0.0]
["Coriolis",2.0,2.0,1.0,2.0,2.0,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0]
["Thermal",1.0,0.0,1.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,2.0,2.0,1.0,0.0]
["Vortex",2.0,1.0,1.0,1.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,2.0,1.0,1.0]
["Fluidic",2.0,1.0,1.0,2.0,0.0,0.0,1.0,0.0,1.0,1.0]
["Swirlmeter",2.0,1.0,1.0,1.0,0.0,0.0,1.0,2.0,1.0,1.0]
["Positive Displacement",2.0,0.0,1.0,2.0,0.0,0.0,2.0,2.0,1.0,1.0]
["Target",2.0,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0,0.0,1.0,2.0,1.0,1.0]
["Turbine",2.0,0.0,1.0,1.0,0.0,0.0,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0]
["Transit Time",2.0,1.0,2.0,1.0,0.0,0.0,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0]
["Doppler",1.0,2.0,2.0,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0,0.0,0.0,0.0]
["Orifice",2.0,2.0,2.0,1.0,0.0,0.0,2.0,2.0,2.0,1.0]
["Venturi",2.0,2.0,1.0,0.0,0.0,1.0,1.0,2.0,1.0,1.0]
["Flow Nozzles & Tubes",2.0,2.0,2.0,2.0,1.0,1.0,1.0,2.0,1.0,1.0]
["Pitot Tubes",2.0,0.0,1.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,1.0,2.0,1.0,1.0]
["Wedge",2.0,2.0,2.0,2.0,2.0,1.0,1.0,2.0,2.0,1.0]
["Variable Area",2.0,0.0,1.0,1.0,0.0,0.0,1.0,2.0,1.0,0.0]
[null,"Clean Liquids","Corrosive clean liquids"]
["Magnetic",{"$f":"IF(AND(Data!$C$3=1,Data!$G$3=1,Data!$I$3=2,Data!$F$15=2,Program!B16=2),1,0)","v":1},{"$f":"IF(AND(Data!$C$3=1,Data!$G$3=1,Data!$I$3=1,Data!$F$15=2,Program!B16=2),1,0)","v":0}]
["Coriolis",{"$f":"IF(AND(Data!$C$3=1,Data!$G$3=1,Data!$I$3=2,Data!$F$15=2,Program!B17=2),1,0)","v":1},{"$f":"IF(AND(Data!$C$3=1,Data!$G$3=1,Data!$I$3=1,Data!$F$15=2,Program!B17=2),1,0)","v":0}]
["Thermal",{"$f":"IF(AND(Data!$C$3=1,Data!$G$3=1,Data!$I$3=2,Data!$F$15=2,Program!B18=2),1,0)","v":0},{"$f":"IF(AND(Data!$C$3=1,Data!$G$3=1,Data!$I$3=1,Data!$F$15=2,Program!B18=2),1,0)","v":0}]
["Vortex",{"$f":"IF(AND(Data!$C$3=1,Data!$G$3=1,Data!$I$3=2,Data!$F$15=2,Program!B19=2),1,0)","v":1},{"$f":"IF(AND(Data!$C$3=1,Data!$G$3=1,Data!$I$3=1,Data!$F$15=2,Program!B19=2),1,0)","v":0}]
["Fluidic",{"$f":"IF(AND(Data!$C$3=1,Data!$G$3=1,Data!$I$3=2,Data!$F$15=2,Program!B20=2),1,0)","v":1},{"$f":"IF(AND(Data!$C$3=1,Data!$G$3=1,Data!$I$3=1,Data!$F$15=2,Program!B20=2),1,0)","v":0}]
["Swirlmeter",{"$f":"IF(AND(Data!$C$3=1,Data!$G$3=1,Data!$I$3=2,Data!$F$15=2,Program!B21=2),1,0)","v":1},{"$f":"IF(AND(Data!$C$3=1,Data!$G$3=1,Data!$I$3=1,Data!$F$15=2,Program!B21=2),1,0)","v":0}]
["Positive Displacement",{"$f":"IF(AND(Data!$C$3=1,Data!$G$3=1,Data!$I$3=2,Data!$F$15=2,Program!B22=2),1,0)","v":1},{"$f":"IF(AND(Data!$C$3=1,Data!$G$3=1,Data!$I$3=1,Data!$F$15=2,Program!B22=2),1,0)","v":0}]
["Target",{"$f":"IF(AND(Data!$C$3=1,Data!$G$3=1,Data!$I$3=2,Data!$F$15=2,Program!B23=2),1,0)","v":1},{"$f":"IF(AND(Data!$C$3=1,Data!$G$3=1,Data!$I$3=1,Data!$F$15=2,Program!B23=2),1,0)","v":0}]
["Turbine",{"$f":"IF(AND(Data!$C$3=1,Data!$G$3=1,Data!$I$3=2,Data!$F$15=2,Program!B24=2),1,0)","v":1},{"$f":"IF(AND(Data!$C$3=1,Data!$G$3=1,Data!$I$3=1,Data!$F$15=2,Program!B24=2),1,0)","v":0}]
["Transit Time",{"$f":"IF(AND(Data!$C$3=1,Data!$G$3=1,Data!$I$3=2,Data!$F$15=2,Program!B25=2),1,0)","v":1},{"$f":"IF(AND(Data!$C$3=1,Data!$G$3=1,Data!$I$3=1,Data!$F$15=2,Program!B25=2),1,0)","v":0}]
["Doppler",{"$f":"IF(AND(Data!$C$3=1,Data!$G$3=1,Data!$I$3=2,Data!$F$15=2,Program!B26=2),1,0)","v":0},{"$f":"IF(AND(Data!$C$3=1,Data!$G$3=1,Data!$I$3=1,Data!$F$15=2,Program!B26=2),1,0)","v":0}]
["Orifice",{"$f":"IF(AND(Data!$C$3=1,Data!$G$3=1,Data!$I$3=2,Data!$F$15=2,Program!B27=2),1,0)","v":1},{"$f":"IF(AND(Data!$C$3=1,Data!$G$3=1,Data!$I$3=1,Data!$F$15=2,Program!B27=2),1,0)","v":0}]
["Venturi",{"$f":"IF(AND(Data!$C$3=1,Data!$G$3=1,Data!$I$3=2,Data!$F$15=2,Program!B28=2),1,0)","v":1},{"$f":"IF(AND(Data!$C$3=1,Data!$G$3=1,Data!$I$3=1,Data!$F$15=2,Program!B28=2),1,0)","v":0}]
["Flow Nozzles & Tubes",{"$f":"IF(AND(Data!$C$3=1,Data!$G$3=1,Data!$I$3=2,Data!$F$15=2,Program!B29=2),1,0)","v":1},{"$f":"IF(AND(Data!$C$3=1,Data!$G$3=1,Data!$I$3=1,Data!$F$15=2,Program!B29=2),1,0)","v":0}]
["Pitot Tubes",{"$f":"IF(AND(Data!$C$3=1,Data!$G$3=1,Data!$I$3=2,Data!$F$15=2,Program!B30=2),1,0)","v":1},{"$f":"IF(AND(Data!$C$3=1,Data!$G$3=1,Data!$I$3=1,Data!$F$15=2,Program!B30=2),1,0)","v":0}]
["Wedge",{"$f":"IF(AND(Data!$C$3=1,Data!$G$3=1,Data!$I$3=2,Data!$F$15=2,Program!B31=2),1,0)","v":1},{"$f":"IF(AND(Data!$C$3=1,Data!$G$3=1,Data!$I$3=1,Data!$F$15=2,Program!B31=2),1,0)","v":0}]
["Variable Area",{"$f":"IF(AND(Data!$C$3=1,Data!$G$3=1,Data!$I$3=2,Data!$F$15=2,Program!B32=2),1,0)","v":1},{"$f":"IF(AND(Data!$C$3=1,Data!$G$3=1,Data!$I$3=1,Data!$F$15=2,Program!B32=2),1,0)","v":0}]

{"sheet":"Sheet1","index":3,"n_rows":19,"n_cols":3,"rows_kept":19,"cut":false,"hidden":true,"merged":[]}
[null,"Steady Corrosive Clean Liquids with pipe vibration","Steady Corrosive Clean Liquids without pipe vibration"]
["Flowmeter"]
["Magnetic",1.0]
["Coriolis",2.0]
["Thermal ",3.0]
["Vortex",1.0]
["Fluidic",1.0]
["Swirlmeter",1.0]
["PD ",1.0]
["Target ",1.0]
["Turbine",1.0]
["Transit ",1.0]
["Doppler",1.0]
["Orifice ",1.0]
["Venturi",1.0]
["FlowNozzles",1.0]
["Pitot",1.0]
["wedge ",1.0]
["Va ",2.0]

{"sheet":"Vortex Flowmeter","index":4,"n_rows":42,"n_cols":11,"rows_kept":42,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[0,6,0,9],[4,0,4,10],[8,0,10,10],[16,0,16,10],[18,0,22,10]]}
[null,null,"Vortex Flowmeter",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Main"]
[]
["Principle of operation"]
[]
["When a flow passes a bluff body in the flow stream, vortices are alternately formed on either side of the bluff body. The fluttering of a flag is an example of how the vortices are created. The flag pole acts as a bluff body to the blowing wind where the flag waves from the force of the vortices. According to the well proven physical laws, the frequency at which the vortices are alternately formed is directly proportional to the average flow velocity. The shedding frequency is independent of the fluid properties such as viscosity, conductivity, density etc. "]
[]
[null,null,"Figure 1: Vortex shedding"]
[]
["The vortices create low and high-pressure zones behind the bluff body. Placing a pressure, thermal or ultrasonic detectors in these low and high pressure zones, we can measure the vortex shedding frequency in order to obtain the flow rate. "]
[]
[]
[]
["The relationship between the vortex frequency and the fluid velocity is:"]
[]
[null,null,"St=f(d/v)"]
[]
["Where St is the Strouhal number, f is the vortex shedding frequency, d is the width of the bluff body, and V is the average fluid velocity. The Strouhal number is determined experimentally and it is generally found to be constant over a wide range of Reynolds number   (20000>Re>5000000). "]
[]
["A vortex flowmeter is typically made of 316 stainless steel and the meter body can be divided to three main parts: a vortex-generating element fully spanning the pipe, a sensor to measuring the shedding frequency and a transmitter. The cost of vortex meter is competitive with that of other flowmeter in sizes less than 300 mm. Wafer body meters (flangeless) have the lowest cost, while flanged meters are preferred if the process fluid is hazardous or is at a high temperature."]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
["Applications & Limitations"]
[]
["Service: ","Liquids and Gas including steam"]
["Design pressure: ","Up to 250bar"]
["Design temperature:","Up to 400 degree C"]
["Flow range:","0.4 to 2400m3/h"]
["Scale: ","Linear at high Reynolds number"]
["Signal: ","Frequency or Analog electronic"]
["Accuracy: ","+/- 0.5% of rate on liquid, +/- 1% of rate on gas"]
["Rangeability:"," 20:1"]
["End connection: ","Flanged, Threaded, Wafer or Insert; it can be used as by-pass meter around mainline orifice"]
["Sizes: ","1.2” to 12” (special sizes are available for some vendor)"]
["Advantages: ","No moving parts, Suitable for wide variety of fluids, excellent combination of price and performance."]
["Disadvantages: ","straight piping required, sensitive to increasing viscosity below a given Reynolds number."]
[]
[]
[]
[null,null,null,"Main"]

{"sheet":"Orifice Flowmeter","index":5,"n_rows":57,"n_cols":9,"rows_kept":57,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[37,0,37,10],[51,1,51,10],[52,1,52,10],[4,0,4,10],[15,0,15,10],[27,0,27,10],[29,0,29,10],[31,0,31,10],[33,0,33,10],[35,0,35,10]]}
[null,null,"Orifice Flowmeter",null,null,null,null,null,"Main"]
[]
["Principle of operation"]
[]
["Orifice flowmeter is the most common used flow measurement throughout the world. It is simple to construct by using a metal plate with an orifice which is inserted between flanges with pressure tappings in the wall of upstream and downstream pipe. The upstream pressure (static pressure) tapping is located at the position before the orifice plate. When the flow approaches the orifice plate, it will converge towards the orifice hole and cause a recirculation vortex around the orifice plate. The inward momentum of the flow at the orifice hole will continue flowing downstream of the hole, then Vena contraction occurs so that the submerged jet coming out of the hole will reduce to be smaller than the hole cross-section. The downstream tapping is located at the position after the orifice plate which is in another larger recirculation zone outside the submerged jet (Figure 1). "]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,null,"Figure 1: Orifice Flowmeter"]
[]
[]
["The flow rate can be obtained by knowing the upstream pressure (static pressure), downstream pressure (kinetic pressure) and Bernoulli's theory. The mathmatical equation can be expressed as: "]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
["But the mass flow rate is related to the differential pressure"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
["Where C is the coefficient of discharge, E is the velocity of approach factor, d is the orifice diameter, g is the expansibility factor, delta p is the differential pressure, rho is the density at the upstream pressure tapping cross-section."]
[]
["Orifice flowmeter can be divided to three main parts, restriction(Orifice plate), pressure tappings and differential pressure transmitter. There are many different orifice plate designed for different service. Different service uses different edge profile of the orifice plate where the discharge coefficient is highly dependent on the edge profile. The following are the most common industrial orifice plate:"]
[]
["Square Edge  It is a flat thin plate with square-edge hole. It is usually designed for clean liquids, gases and low velocity vapor flows."]
[]
["Quadrant and Conic Edge It is a flat thin plate with conical hole. It is usually designed for low Reynlds number (below 1000)."]
[]
["Eccentric and Segmental Orifices It is a flat thin plate with a hole placed at the bottom or top of the pipe. The hole is placed at the bottom of the plate which is designed for a liquid with solid matter. Whereas the hole placed at the top of plate is designed for a liquid with gas bubble. It can provide low-cost alternatives for troublesome applications."]
[]
["Integral Orifice It is a orifice plate installed integrally with pressure tapping and transmitter. It provides a compact installation cost when the pipe size is 1/2\" or smaller and the fluid is clean."]
[]
["Applications & Limitations"]
[]
["Service: ","Liquids and Gases including steam"]
["Design pressure: ","Determinded by transmitter"]
["Design temperature:","Determinded by transmitter"]
["Flow range:","Hold"]
["Scale: ","Hold"]
["Signal: ","Analog and pneumatic"]
["Accuracy: ","+/- 0.6%"]
["Rangeability:","4:1"]
["End connection: ","Mounts between flanges"]
["Sizes: ","Determined by pipe size"]
["Advantages: ","Easy to install; use one transmitter regardless of pipesize; low cost; wide variety of types and material available; easy to change capacity. Versions available that do not require power."]
["Disadvantages: ","Affected by upstream disturbances particularly for \"beta\" ratio; significant pressure loss increaseing as area ratio decreases; Erosion and damage to the upstream face or edge change calibration."]
[]
[]
[]
[null,null,null,"Main"]

{"sheet":"Magnetic Flowmeter","index":6,"n_rows":35,"n_cols":8,"rows_kept":35,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[4,0,4,9],[6,0,6,9],[16,0,16,9],[20,1,20,9],[21,1,21,9],[22,1,22,4],[30,1,30,9]]}
[null,null,"Magnetic Flowmeter",null,null,null,null,"Main"]
[]
["Principle of operation"]
[]
["When a metal rod passes though the magnetic field, a voltage is generated and the velocity of the rod can be estimated by knowing the voltage, magnetic field and Faraday's electromagnetic induction law. Similary, the voltage is generated when a conductive fluid passes through a magnetic field. This voltage is directly proportional to the length of the conductor, the magnetic field density and the fluid velocity. Since the voltage is proportional to flowrate, the flowmeter can use this value to compute the fluid velocity."]
[]
["Because the operation of the magnetic flowmeters is based on the electromagnetic induction, the fluid must be conductive.  Magnetic flowmeter requires a minimum fluidic conductivity to operate,  earlier magnetic flowmeter design requires 1-5 microsiemens per centimeter. The newer designs have reduced that requirement down by a hundredfold to between 0.05 and 0.1 (Different manufacter has different requirement). "]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,null,"Figure 1: Principle of operation"]
[]
[]
["An industrial electromagnetic flowmeter can be either a D.C. system or an A.C. system. A.C. system with unregulated coil current measures the ratio of flow signal(e.m.f) and magnetic flux density. D.C. system, under ideal or reference conditions measures a peak-to-peak pluse electrode signal value which is proportional to the flow velocity in the pipeline."]
[]
["Applications & Limitations"]
[]
["Service: ","Electrically conductive liquids or slurries"]
["Design pressure: ","Up to 250bar"]
["Design temperature:","Up to 180 degreeC"]
["Flow range:","240cm3/h to 250,000m3/h"]
["Scale: ","Linear"]
["Signal: ","Analog electronic; digital;Smart protocols; Bus protocols"]
["Accuracy: ","+/- 0.15% of rate; factory calibrated"]
["Rangeability:","Up to 1500:1"]
["End connection: ","Flanged, Sanitary or Wafer; Dresser and Victaulic ends available in larger sizes"]
["Sizes: ","0.25\" to 120\""]
["Advantages: ","Widely used in the waer industry for oth clean and dirty water applications excellent for slurry measurements. Unaffected by changed in fluid density and viscosity; zero head loss; by directional; no flow obstruction; dc and battery powered versions available."]
["Disadvantages: ","Liquid or slurries luquid only; required minimum electrical conductivity varies with manufacturer."]
[]
[]
[null,null,null,"Main"]

{"sheet":"Ultrasonic Transit time","index":7,"n_rows":78,"n_cols":9,"rows_kept":78,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[4,0,4,9],[18,0,18,9],[25,0,25,9],[29,0,29,9],[52,0,52,9],[54,0,54,9],[74,1,74,9]]}
[null,null,"Ultrasonic Transit Time Flowmeter",null,null,null,null,null,"Main"]
[]
["Principle of operation"]
[]
["The Transit Time flowmeter depends on the different time taken for an ultrasound wave to travel upstream rather than downstream. Pulses are launched each way from transducer 1 to transducer 2 are affected by the component of the flow velocity along the path which shown in figure 1. Measuring the difference of their time of transit, we can estimate the speed of the flow."]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,null,"Figure 1: Principle of Ultrasonic Transit Time flowmeter"]
[]
["The expression of uniform velocity in the pipe in terms of the transit time of upstream tu and downstream td wave pulses and the time difference delta t:\n"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
["Where L is the path length and X is the axial spacing between transducers."]
[]
["The major application of transit time flowmeters are measuring clean liquids, they also can be used for gases. The flowmeters present no moving parts and no obstruction to the flow, therefore no additional head loss. In the transit time flowmeter, pulses of the sound of a few cycles in length are transmitted in each direction and the time taken for them to reach the receiving transducer is measured to obtain the flow rate. The frequencies of sound used in the flowmeters for liquids are in the region 1MHz to 5MHz. The frequencies used in gas flow measurement are somewhat lower and are typically in the range 100kHz to 300kHz."]
[]
["Transit Time flowmeters are constructed as spool piece devices, wetted sensor kits or clamp-on devices."]
[]
["Spool piece devices There are two basic forms as shown in Figure 2. The ultrasonic transducers are mounted in recesses in the wall of the spool piece. The side wall is sealed at its wetted end by an acoustic window of metal or plastics and the piezelectric transducer is coupled to the window by a low vapour pressure liquid couplant such as selicon oil. For small pipe diameter, the recess is completely filled by an expoxy resin, finished flush with the pipe wall which shown in figure 3. To increase the reliability, accuracy or resist the effect of non-uniform flow profile, Transit Time flowmeters can be arranged as multiple-path designs which shown in Figure 4"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Figure 2: Watted transducer",null,null,null,null,"Figure 3: Small pipe arrangement"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Figure 4: Chordal and Diametric arrangement"]
[]
["Wetted sensor kits By drilling holes in an existing pipe and the transducers are then welded or clamped into position, user can easily install Transit Time flowmeters into existing pipework. "]
[]
["Clamp-on These flowmeters employing transducers mounted on the outside of the pipework, as shown in Figure 5, enable non-invasive flow measurements to be made on fluids. "]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,null,"Figure 5: Clamp-on construction"]
[]
["Applications & Limitations"]
[]
["Service: ","Relatively clean liquids(some design for flare gas)"]
["Design pressure: ","Wetted transducer 7bar; Clamp-on equivalent to pipe rating."]
["Design temperature:","-180 degree C to 260 degree C"]
["Flow range:","Up to 12m/s"]
["Scale: ","Linear"]
["Signal: ","Analog electronic or digital"]
["Accuracy: ","+/- 1% of rate or +/- 5% of full scale depending on type and calibration"]
["Rangeability:","Up to 40:1"]
["End connection: ","Flanged and Clamp-on design"]
["Sizes: ","0.5\" to upward"]
["Advantages: ","No flow obstruction; can be bi-direction; use with practically any clean liquid; can measure bi-direction flow."]
["Disadvantages: ","Straight upstream piping required to provide uniform flow profile; clean liquid only."]
[]
[null,null,null,"Main"]

{"sheet":"Ultrasonic Doppler","index":8,"n_rows":75,"n_cols":9,"rows_kept":75,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[4,0,4,9],[21,0,21,9],[44,0,44,9],[46,0,46,9],[54,0,54,9]]}
[null,null,"Ultrasonic Doppler Flowmeter",null,null,null,null,null,"Main"]
[]
["Principle of operation"]
[]
["Ultrasonic Doppler flowmeters depends on the Doppler shift in frequency of sound bounces off a moving object and detected by a stationary observer which shown in figure 1. The sound wave requires air-bubbles or solid particles within the liquid flow to reflect the wave to receiver. If they reflect off a stationary object, then their wavelength and frequency retain. If however, they reflect off a moving object, the wave fronts will hit the moving object and their wavelenth and frequency will change which is called Doppler effect. In pratice the ultrasound signal consists of a spectrum of frequencies from different objects moving with different velocities. The detection electronics is general provides some average measure of the Doppler shift. "]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,null,null,"Figure 1: Ultrasonic Doppler Flowmeter"]
[]
[]
["Doppler flowmeters are constructed as spool piece devices, wetted sensor kits or clamp-on devices."]
[]
["Spool piece devices There are two basic forms as shown in Figure 2. The ultrasonic transducers are mounted in recesses in the wall of the spool piece. The side wall is sealed at its wetted end by an acoustic window of metal or plastics and the piezelectric transducer is coupled to the window by a low vapour pressure liquid couplant such as selicon oil. For small pipe diameter, the recess is completely filled by an expoxy resin, finished flush with the pipe wall which shown in figure 3. To increase the reliability, accuracy or resist the effect of non-uniform flow profile, ultrasonic doppler flowmeters can be arranged as multiple-path designs which shown in Figure 4"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Figure 2: Watted transducer",null,null,null,null,"Figure 3: Small pipe arrangement"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Figure 4: Chordal and Diametric arrangement"]
[]
["Wetted sensor kits By drilling holes in an existing pipe and the transducers are then welded or clamped into position, user can easily install Ultrasonic Doppler flowmeters into existing pipework. "]
[]
["Clamp-on These flowmeters employing transducers mounted on the outside of the pipework, as shown in Figure 5, enable non-invasive flow measurements to be made on fluids. "]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,null,"Figure 5: Clamp-on construction"]
[]
["Applications & Limitations"]
[]
["Service: ","Liquids with entertained gas or suspended solids."]
["Design pressure: ","Wetted transducer 7bar; Clamp-on equivalent to pipe rating"]
["Design temperature:","-180 degree C to 260 degree C"]
["Flow range:","Up to 12m/s"]
["Scale: ","Linear"]
["Signal: ","Analog electronic or digital"]
["Accuracy: ","+/- 5% of full scale or better"]
["Rangeability:","10:1"]
["End connection: ","Flanged and Clamp-on design"]
["Sizes: ","0.25\" and upward"]
["Advantages: ","Can handle slurries and aerated liquids; clamp-on version can be installed without process shut-down"]
["Disadvantages: ","Not suitable for clean liquids; requires straight upstream piping"]
[]
[null,null,null,"Main"]

{"sheet":"Variable Area Flowmeter","index":9,"n_rows":58,"n_cols":9,"rows_kept":58,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[4,0,4,9],[22,0,22,9],[54,1,54,9],[55,1,55,9]]}
[null,null,"Variable Area Flowmeters",null,null,null,null,null,"Main"]
[]
["Principle of operation"]
[]
["Variable Area flowmeter is sometimes known as a Rotameter. In the most common Variable Area flowmeter, it consists of a float which is moving vertically within a conical tube due to the upward drag of the fluid (Figure 1), exposes a variable area to the flow. As the flow increase, the float rise higher in the tube to a point where the annulus formed between the float and the conical tube wall is sufficient to allow the drag on the float to balance the float's weight. The flow area between the conical tube and float is then an indication of the flow rate."]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,null,null,"Figure 1: Variable Area Flowmeter "]
[]
["Industrial variable area flowmeters range from a simple ball floating in a glass tube to a high-pressure piston type meters in 4000 kPa valve bodies. The reading may be obtained visually or through a magnetic coupling link to pneumatic or electrical signal. In most common design, Direct viewing glass tube VA meter is the most economic choice and armoured-tube meters extend the application to heavy duty, flexing vane and tapered-plug meters are low cost and small size (Figure 2)."]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,null,null,"Figure 2: Variable Area flowmeters"]
[]
[]
[]
["Applications & Limitations"]
[]
["Service: ","Liquids and gases including steam"]
["Design pressure: ","Up to 20 bar for glass tube, 52 bar for metal tube"]
["Design temperature:","Up to 120 degree C for glass tube, 500 degree C for metal tube"]
["Flow range:","Liquids 0.6 cm3/h to 68m3/h, Gases 5Ncm3/h to 3600Nm3/h"]
["Scale: ","Linear"]
["Signal: ","Visual;electronic or pneumatic analog"]
["Accuracy: ","+/- 0.5% to +/- 10% of full range"]
["Rangeability:","5:1 to 12:1"]
["End connection: ","Female pipe threaded or Flanged"]
["Sizes: ","Up to 4\", it is also used as a by-pass meter around a mainline orifice for larger pipe sizes"]
["Advantages: ","Low cost; insensitive to viscosity below a given threshold; direct indicating; no power required; can be direct mass device; no straight upstream required"]
["Disadvantages: ","requires accessories for data transmission; must be vertical mounted; gas use requires minimum backpressure."]
[]
[null,null,null,"Main"]

{"sheet":"Target Flowmeter","index":10,"n_rows":38,"n_cols":9,"rows_kept":38,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[4,0,4,8],[20,0,20,8],[35,1,35,8]]}
[null,null,null,"Target Flowmeter",null,null,null,null,"Main"]
[]
["Principle of operation"]
[]
["Target Flowmeter is sometimes known as a Drag Plate flowmeter. It has a drag plate (target) held in the centre of the pipe where when a flow passes it, it will exerts dynamic force on the plate surface (Figure 1). According to Bernoulli's theory,  the square root of this force is proportional to the flow rate."]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,null,null,"Figure 1: Target Flowmeter"]
[]
["When the Reynolds number is 2000 or higher, the dynamic force is unaffected by variations in fluid viscosity and it is proportionally related to the product of the velocity head, the fluid density, the drag coefficient of the disc and its surface area. For Reynolds numbers in the region between 1000 and 2000, the dynamic force for that flow range may be viscosity dependent. However, Target Flowmeter can be sensed all the way down to zero since computer control renders the transducer to be essentially drift-free. At extremely low flow rates case, special calibration is required."]
[]
["Applications & Limitations"]
[]
["Service: ","Liquids and gases including steam"]
["Design pressure: ","Up to 690 bar"]
["Design temperature:","Up to 400 degree C"]
["Flow range:","0.016 to 1600m3/h for liquids; 0.5 to 48000Nm3"]
["Scale: ","Square root"]
["Signal: ","Analog electronic or pneumatic"]
["Accuracy: ","+/- 0.5% to +/- 5% of full scale"]
["Rangeability:","3:1"]
["End connection: ","Flanged, Threaded"]
["Sizes: ","Up to 20\""]
["Advantages: ","No moving parts; relatively inexpensive; good for hot, tarry and sediment bearing fluids"]
["Disadvantages: ","Requires 20 diameters up stream and 10 diameters downstream of straight pipe to maintain accuracy; reading is per cent of scale; limited range."]
[]
[null,null,null,"Main"]

{"sheet":"Positive Displacement","index":11,"n_rows":102,"n_cols":10,"rows_kept":102,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[97,1,97,9],[98,1,98,9],[4,0,4,9],[6,0,6,9],[24,0,24,8],[41,0,41,8],[50,0,50,8],[69,0,69,8],[90,1,90,9]]}
[null,null,"Positive Displacement Flowmeter",null,null,null,null,null,null,"Main"]
[]
["Principle of operation"]
[]
["All Positive Displacement flowmeters operate by isolating and counting known volumes of a fluid (gas or liquid) while feeding it through the meter so that the flow rate can be obtained by measuring the number of passed isolated volumes. Positive Displacement flowmeter can be operated with or with out external power source as it is possible to use the kinetic energy of the flow. There are many different design of Positive Displacement flowmeter and each flowmeter design uses a different means of isolating and counting these volumes. The following is some common designs for Positive Displacement flowmeter."]
[]
["Nutating Disk Meter   Inside the nutating disk meter, a disk is constrained by a spherical bearing placed in the central and by the transmission to nutate which shown in figure 1. The flow energy push the disk to move (nutation movement) so that the disk forms a closed compartment trapping a fixed volume of fluid, when the disk rotate to half turn, it releases the fluid and the other side of the disk start to fill in the fluid. Therefore, we can obtain the flow rate by measuring the rotation of the disk."]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,null,null,"Figure 1: Nutating Disk Meter"]
[]
["Oscillating Circular Piston Meter  It has a piston rotating inside the meter constrained by a partition at the middle. When the center of the rotary piston is at the bottom of its travel (Figure 2), the piston forms a closed compartment with a fix volume fluid. When the rotary piston moved nearly a turn, an outlet is placed on the other side of meter body and it releases the fluid."]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,null,null,"Figure 2: Oscillating Circular Piston Meter"]
[]
["Multirotor Meter   It has two or more than two rotors sealed against each other to form a closed compartment, each rotor carries fluid through the meter as it rotates which shown in figure 1. In this case, the fluid will be release after the rotor rotate half rotation."]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,null,null,"Figure 3: Multirotor Meter"]
[]
["Oval Gear Meter   The structure is similar to the Multirotor Meter but Oval is toothed. Therefore, the sealing between the rotors is enhanced which shown in figure 4. Two gears sealed against each other to form a closed compartment and carries fluid throught the meter, the fluid will release after the oval gear rotate half rotation."]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,null,null,"Figure 4: Oval Gear Meter"]
[]
["Precision Gear  The gear and the chamber formed a closed compartment, the fluid will release when the gear turned the compartment to the outlet which shown in figure 5."]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,null,null,"Figure 5: Precision Gear"]
[]
[]
["Applications & Limitations"]
[]
["Service: ","Clean liquids and gases"]
["Design pressure: ","Up to 100bar"]
["Design temperature:","Up to 315 degree C for liquids; Up to 120 degree C"]
["Flow range:","0.04 to 2000m3/h for liquids; 0 to 2800Nm3/h for gases"]
["Scale: ","Linear"]
["Signal: ","Pulse or analog electronic"]
["Accuracy: ","+/- 0.5% of rate on liquid; +/- 1% of full scale on gas"]
["Rangeability:","typical 10:1"]
["End connection: ","Flanged or threaded"]
["Sizes: ","Up to 12\""]
["Advantages: ","Ideal for viscous liquids.good for custody transfer, batching, blending; some PD meter doen't re requires perodic proving; s"]
["Disadvantages: ","Subject to mechanical wear; requires periodic proving; sensitive to dirt and may require upstream filters; large size are excessive in size and weight, may require special information."]
[]
[]
[null,null,null,null,"Main"]

{"sheet":"Thermal Flowmeter","index":12,"n_rows":64,"n_cols":8,"rows_kept":64,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[4,0,4,9],[15,0,15,9],[19,0,19,9],[21,0,21,9],[30,0,30,9],[46,0,46,9]]}
[null,null,"Thermal Flowmeter",null,null,null,null,"Main"]
[]
["Principle of operation"]
[]
["There are two concepts of Thermal fowmeter. The first is capillary thermal mass flowmeter (CTMF), which is used for low flows of clean gases or bypass type. For this design, the flow inside the meter tube must be laminar. It has a heating and temperature sensing device outside a tube which shown in figure 1.  "]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,null,null,"Figure 1: Capillary thermal mass flowmeter"]
[]
["The heater generates heat and the heat transfer through the wall of the tube to the fluid. If the fluid is flowing, the flow stream will carry the heated fluid to downstream so that the downstream temperature is higher than upstream. The differential temperature can be used to obtain the mass flow rate by the equation:"]
[]
[]
[]
["Where qm is the mass flowrate to be measured in kg/s, Qh is the heat input in J/s, K is a constant, cp is the specific heat at constant pressure and delta T is the measured differential temperature. "]
[]
["By increasing the heater and sensor, we can reduce the response of the meter and increase the reliability and accuracy which shown in figure 2.  "]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,null,null,"Figure 2: Capillary thermal mass flowmeter"]
[]
["The second design of the flowmeter is full-bore thermal mass flowmeter (ITMF), which can be used for gases or liquids. Electrical current passes along the meter tube wall to heat the fluid. Two heat sinks placed at each end of the tube to conduct way the heat which cause a temperature gradient along the tube (Figure 3)."]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,null,null,"Figure 3: Full-bore thermal mass flowmeter"]
[]
["when a flow passes through the meter tube. The heated fluid is carred downstream causing TC1 output reduce, part of this heat is then transfer to the tube body on the downstream side causing the TC2 output rise. We can obtain the mass flow rate by knowing the change of TC1 and TC2."]
[]
[]
["Applications & Limitations"]
[]
["Service: ","Gas(Some design for liquid)"]
["Design pressure: ","Up to 400bar"]
["Design temperature:","Up to 300 Degree C"]
["Flow range:","Uo to 900m3/h"]
["Scale: ","N/A"]
["Accuracy: ","+/- 1% of rate"]
["Rangeability:","100:1 or better"]
["End connection: ","Threaded,flanged,hose"]
["Sizes: ","0.125\" to 10\", bypass type"]
["Advantages: ","Measures mass flow directly. Very low pressure loss. Good for low velocity gas measurement"]
["Disadvantages: ","Affected by coatings. Some designs are fragile."]
[]
[null,null,null,"Main"]

{"sheet":"Coriolis Flowmeter","index":13,"n_rows":79,"n_cols":8,"rows_kept":79,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[26,0,26,8],[62,0,62,10],[75,1,75,10],[76,1,76,9],[4,0,4,9],[14,0,14,9],[16,0,16,9],[18,0,18,9],[20,0,20,9],[22,0,22,9],[24,0,24,9]]}
[null,null,"Coriolis Flowmeter",null,null,null,null,"Main"]
[]
["Principle of operation"]
[]
["Coriolis meter works on coriolis force which are associated with a combination of radial and rotary motion resulting in torque force on the pipe. The flow rate can be obtained by measuring the torque using a strain gauge. For U-tube Coriolis flowmeter, the operation is based on the Coriolis acceleration which results from the flow through the U tube. Then the combination of radial and rotary motion creates a torque force on the pipe that twist and vibrate the pipe (Figure 1). The flow rate can be obtained by measuring the displacement of the tube body. "]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,null,null,"Figure 1: U-tube Coriolis Flowmeter"]
[]
["Most industrial Coriolis flow meter makes use of the Coriolis force by subjecting a set of curved measuring tubes to rotary oscillations about an axis. This oscillation is normally driven by electromagnetic coils, which also physically couple the two curved measuring tubes. As a particular fluid flows through the tubes, it will move through points of high rotational velocity, to points of lower rotational velocity. "]
[]
["Upon approaching the tube plane in which the rotational axis is located, the rotational motion of the fluid element is decelerated at a uniform rate, until it finally reaches zero in the plane of the rotational axis. As the fluid element flows away form the rotational axis plane, toward points with higher rotational velocity, it is uniformly accelerated to increasingly higher rotational velocities. This produces a Coriolis force that causes a twisting motion within the sensor tubes."]
[]
["In the equation above, if v is the velocity of the fluid in the measuring tube, m/s, w the instantaneous angular speed of rotation, radians/s, and delta m the mass of liquid moving in the tube section, kg, then the following applies to the Coriolis force, kg(m/s), then the mass flow rate can be obtained."]
[]
["For straight tube Coriolis flow meter, two sensors are located in the device, one on the inlet section of the metering tube and one on the outlet. Under no-flow conditions, the frequency signals monitored at the inlet and outlet sensors are in phase with each other. As fluid passes through the device, a distortion of the measuring tubes occurs. This effective distortion is the Coriolis effect and occurs when a translational force acts on a rotational force. The rotational force is the oscillating tube and the translational force is the fluid moving in the tube. This Coriolis force results in a phase shift between inlet and outlet sensor signals that is proportional to the mass flow rate of the fluid flowing through the meter."]
[]
["On the other hand, Coriolis flow meters have a build-in temperature sensor for temperature compensation as well as giving temperature measurement and it can also determine fluid density by comparing the resonant frequency of the fluid being measured with that of water. That is to say: one Coriolis flow meter offers high accuracy mass flow measurement with maximum turn down and it provides mass and volume measurements of liquids and gases in bi-direction along with density, temperature, percent solids, and Brix."]
[]
["While these Coriolis flow meters are highly accurate, they are limited in terms of the pipe sizes they can efficiently be used on. As for the application in large pipe size more than 6 inches, the meters become expensive and unwieldy in the larger pipe sizes. "]
[]
["There are many different designs of Coriolis effect flowmeter for industrial use which shown in figure 2."]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,null,null,"Figure 2: Coriolis flowmeters"]
[]
["1) Bopp and Reuther, 2)Krohne, 3)Danfoss, 4)MicroMotion, 5)Foxbore, 6)K-Flow, 7)Endress and Hauser, 8)MicroMotion(twin-tube) 9)Neptune, 10)Straight, 11)Smith, 12)Exac "]
[]
["Applications & Limitations"]
[]
["Service: ","Liquids, slurries and gas"]
["Design pressure: ","Up to 450bar"]
["Design temperature:","340 degree C"]
["Flow range:","15000kg/min"]
["Scale: ","Linear"]
["Accuracy: ","+/- 0.15% of rate or better"]
["Rangeability:","40:1"]
["End connection: ","Threaded,Flanged,Sanitary"]
["Sizes: ","1/16\" to 12\""]
["Advantages: ","Measures mass flow temperature and fluid density directly, some model can measure bi-directional flow; Handles difficult applications"]
["Disadvantages: ","Moderate to high cost. Installation requirements vary with manufacturer. Head loss may be high. Sensitive to plant vibration and fluid pulsation. Care must be taken with 2 phase flow."]
[]
[null,null,null,null,"Main"]

{"sheet":"Wedge Flowmeter","index":14,"n_rows":43,"n_cols":9,"rows_kept":43,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[4,0,4,9],[15,0,15,9],[17,0,17,9],[39,1,39,9]]}
[null,null,"Wedge Flowmeter",null,null,null,null,null,"Main"]
[]
["Principle of operation"]
[]
["Wedge flowmeter designed with an asymmetrical constriction at the top of the pipe. This design allows any solids to pass along the pipe. The constriction will result in accelerated of the fluid and pressure drop (Figure 1). The energy for this acceleration is obtained from fluid's static pressure. The relationship between upstream and downstream pressure can be determind by Bernoulli's theory."]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,null,"Figure 1: Wedge flowmeter"]
[]
["The most common design of Wedge flowmeter is that the constriction of Wedge flowmeter formed by a V-shaped wedge. It is suitable for clean or dirty fluids including solids bearing fluids. It is claimed to have a flat discharge coefficient characteristic at low Reynolds number (Re=500) which can be very useful for the measurement of viscosity fluid. When the Reynolds number is less than 500, special calibration is required."]
[]
["The orientation of the meter will be dependent upon the fluid. The wedge should be placed at the top of the pipe when there are particles heavier than the fluid. If however,  the liquid contains a gas bubble, then the wedge and tappings should be towards the bottom shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3."]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Figure 2: Heavy particles",null,null,null,null,"Figure 3: Gas bubble"]
[]
["Applications & Limitations"]
[]
["Service: ","Liquids and Gases"]
["Design pressure: ","Determined by transmitter"]
["Design temperature","Determined by materials"]
["Flow range:","Determined by pipe size"]
["Signal: ","Analog electronic or pneumatic"]
["Accuracy: ","+/- 0.5% of actual flow when operated in the calibrated range"]
["Rangeability:","4:1"]
["End connection: ","Flanged or mounted between flanges"]
["Sizes: ","Up to 48\""]
["Advantages: ","Very economical; easy to install;uses one transmitter regardless of pipe size; can measure bi-directional flow;low pressure loss"]
["Disadvantages: ","Not good for very low velocity"]
[]
[null,null,null,null,"Main"]

{"sheet":"Pitot Tube Flowmeter","index":15,"n_rows":71,"n_cols":9,"rows_kept":71,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[4,0,4,9],[20,0,20,9],[24,0,24,9],[31,0,31,9]]}
[null,null,"Pitot Tube Flowmeter",null,null,null,null,null,"Main"]
[]
["Principle of operation"]
[]
["The pitot tube is a hollow tube with a mouth of a pitot tube faces directly into an incompressible flow, therefore, the pressure inside the tube is stagnation pressure. The static pressure tappings are in the wall of the outer tube. Connections are made to either side of a differential pressure sensor which then indicates the velocity head in order to calculate the flow velocity. (Figure 1 and Figure 2)."]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Figure 1: Pitot Tube",null,null,null,null,null,"Figure 2: Pitot Tube"]
[]
["With the knowledge of dynamic pressure and static pressure, the local velocity can be determined from the difference between stagnation pressure and static pressure as:"]
[]
[]
[]
["Where k is a correction factor and delta p is the difference between the stagnation pressure and the static pressure. At high velocities in a gas, there are compressibility effects. The equation can be rewritten as:"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
["To increase the reliability, accuracy or resist the effect of non-uniform flow profile, Pitot Tube can be arranged as multiple-ported designs. Annubar is a multiple-ported pitot tube that spans the pipe and has holes facing upstream and downstream which shown in Figure 3. Pressure taps are located at mathematically defined positions designed by manufacturer.  These are claimed to average the stagnation pressure and the static pressure, therefore accuracy is improved and less effected by flow profile."]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,null,null,"Figure 3: Annubar or Averaging Pitot Tube"]
[]
["Applications & Limitations"]
[]
["Service: ","Liquids and gases"]
["Design pressure: ","Determined by transmitter"]
["Design temperature","Determined by materials"]
["Flow range:","Determined by pipe size"]
["Signal: ","Analog electronic or pneumatic"]
["Accuracy: ","+/- 1% full scale or better including transmitter"]
["Rangeability:","4:1"]
["End connection: ","Insert probe"]
["Sizes: ","Unlimited probe length"]
["Advantages: ","Very low cost; uses one transmitter regardless of pipe size; can measure bi-direction flow"]
["Disadvantages: ","Doesb't sample full stream, low differential pressure for given flow rate"]
[]
[]
[]
[null,null,null,"Main"]

{"sheet":"Flow Nozzles Flowmeter","index":16,"n_rows":84,"n_cols":9,"rows_kept":84,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[4,0,4,9],[19,0,19,9],[21,0,21,9],[37,0,37,9],[52,0,52,9],[81,1,81,8]]}
[null,null,"Flow Nozzles Flowmeter",null,null,null,null,null,"Main"]
[]
["Principle of operation"]
[]
["Flow nozzle & tube flow meter works same way as orifice plate which the flow rate is obtained by measuring the differential pressure between upstream (static pressure) and downstream (dynamic pressure). As a fluid flow though a decreasing cross-section, the fluid velocity will increase however the pressure will decrease. By placing pressure tappings on the upstream and downstream to measure the differential pressure, we can obtain the flow rate by Bernoulli principle which can be expressed as:                                        "]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
["Where"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
["Flow Nozzles & Tubes flowmeter can be divided to three main parts, nozzles or tube, pressure tappings and differential pressure transmitter. There are many different nozzles and tube designed for different service. The following are the most common industrial Flow Nozzles & Tubes flowmeter."]
[]
["ISA 1932 nozzle  It has a smooth throat. The pressure tappings usually located at the conner of the nozzle plate which shown in figure 1. "]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,null,null,null,"Figure 1: ISA 1932 nozzle"]
[]
["Radius nozzle (ISA)  It has a smooth throat with radius decreasing cross-section entrance. The upstream pressure tapping located at one diameter length of the pipe before the nozzle plate, the downstream pressure tapping located at half diameter length of the pipe after the nozzle plate which shown in figure 2."]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,null,null,null,"Figure 2: Radius nozzle (ISA)"]
[]
["Elliptical nozzle (ASME)   It has a smooth throat with elliptical decreasing cross-section entrance. The upstream pressure tapping located at one diameter length of the pipe before the nozzle plate, the downstream pressure tapping located at half diameter length of the pipe after the nozzle plate which shown in figure 3."]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,null,null,null,"Figure 3: Elliptical nozzle (ASME)"]
[]
[]
[]
["Applications & Limitations"]
[]
["Service: ","Liquids and gases including steam"]
["Design pressure: ","Determined by transmitter"]
["Design temperature","Determined by materials"]
["Flow range:","1m3/h for liquid; 30Nm3/h for gases and upwards"]
["Signal: ","Analog electronic or pneumatic"]
["Accuracy: ","+/- 1% full scale including transmitter"]
["Rangeability:","4:1"]
["End connection: ","Flanged or mounted between flanges"]
["Sizes: ","3\" to 48\""]
["Advantages: ","Economical; low premanent loss; uses one transmitter regardless of pipe size"]
["Disadvantages: ","Flow tubes lack extensive background data compared to orifice plates; application on viscosity liquids limited. Calibration recommended for optimum performance"]
[]
[null,null,null,null,"Main"]

{"sheet":"Swirlmeter Flowmeter","index":17,"n_rows":38,"n_cols":9,"rows_kept":38,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[4,0,4,9],[20,0,20,9],[34,1,34,9]]}
[null,null,"Swirlmeter Flowmeter",null,null,null,null,null,"Main"]
[]
["Principle of operation"]
[]
["The meter body has swirler welded at the inlet. When the fluid passes though the swirler, these guide vanes (swirler) impart a tangential velocity (swirl) to the fluid and the large angular momentum causes helical vortex. The helical vortex then moves to the outside of the tube due to tangential force. The flow rate can be obtained by measuring the helical vortex frequency. This motion is removed by Deswirler at the outlet of the meter body so that other instrumentation downstream of the meter will not be affected by its operation (Figure 1)."]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,null,null,"Figure 1: Swirlmeter"]
[]
["The structure of Swirlmeter® can be divided to four parts: a swirler welded at the inlet of meter body, a sensor, a transmitter and deswirler. In most common design, the frequency measurement is made with a thermistor sensor. However, piezo sensor will be used in special cases. Although the operating principle is similar to the Vortex flowmeter, but it got higher head loss and relatively sensitive to flow pulsations than Vortex flowmeter. However, one advantage of the Swirlmeter® flowmeter is that it is insensitive to upstream profile disturbances and swirl."]
[]
["Applications & Limitations"]
[]
["Service: ","Liquids, gases and stream"]
["Design pressure: ","Up to 160 bar"]
["Design temperature:","-40 degree C to 280 degree C"]
["Flow range:","0.1 to 1800m3/h"]
["Scale","Linear at high and low Reynolds number"]
["Signal: ","Pulse or analog output"]
["Accuracy: ","+/-0.5% of rate or better"]
["Rangeability:","25:1"]
["End connection: ","Flanged"]
["Sizes: ","0.5\" to 16\""]
["Advantages: ","No moving parts, required short upstream pipe length, ideal for light gases, works with entrained liquid"]
["Disadvantages: ","limited viscosity range"]
[]
[null,null,null,"Main"]

{"sheet":"Fluidic Flowmeter","index":18,"n_rows":37,"n_cols":9,"rows_kept":37,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[4,0,4,9],[19,0,19,9]]}
[null,null,"Fluidic Flowmeter",null,null,null,null,null,"Main"]
[]
["Principle of operation"]
[]
["Fluidic flowmeter works on the Coanda effect, the flow will separate and attach to one wall surface if the diffuser has wide angle which is shown in figure 1. When a flow stream passes through the porting in the meter body, an auxiliary jet can be ducted off and feed back in a direction at normal incidence to the incoming fluid to knock the main jet to the another wall and the process start again. This process results in the jet switching periodically from one stable position to the other. The flow rate can be obtained by knowing the frequency of switching."]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,null,null,"Figure 1: Fluidic flowmeter"]
[]
["The application of fluidic is normally limited to gas flow measurement due to high headloss and sensitive to flow pulsations. However, it is relative insensitivity to swirl or upstream profile disturbances compare to Vortex flowmeter and Swirlmeter."]
[]
["Applications & Limitations"]
[]
["Service: ","Liquids"]
["Design pressure: ","Up to 40 bar"]
["Design temperature:","-20 to 120 degree C"]
["Flow range:","0.2 to 230m3/h"]
["Scale","Linear at high reynolds number"]
["Signal: ","Analog electronic or pneumatic; pulse"]
["Accuracy: ","+/- 1% of rate or better"]
["Rangeability:","30:1"]
["End connection: ","Mounts between flanges"]
["Sizes: ","1\" to 4\"; bypass types available"]
["Advantages: ","No moving parts; suitable for wide variety of fluids; excellent combination of price and performance"]
["Disadvantages: ","Straight piping required; sensitive to increasing viscosity below a given reynolds number"]
[]
[null,null,null,"Main"]

{"sheet":"Turbine Flowmeter","index":19,"n_rows":40,"n_cols":9,"rows_kept":40,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[4,0,4,9],[23,0,23,9],[36,1,36,9],[37,1,37,9]]}
[null,null,"Turbine Flowmeter",null,null,null,null,null,"Main"]
[]
["Principle of operation"]
[]
["The Turbine flowmeter consists of a rotor that can be rotated on the axis of the pipe. The rotor is fitted with narrow blades set at an angle to the flow along the axis. It works similar to windmill. When a flow passes thought the rotor, it will rotate at a speed proportional to the flow rate of the fluid being metered. The rotor and bearing is mounted centrally within the body by upstream and downstream supports which shown in figure 1. The supports also act as a flow straightener. "]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,null,null,"Figure 1: Turbine flowmeter"]
[]
["Turbine rotation can be detected by electrical sensors or mechanical sensors. For electrical detection, a magnet is embedded in the rotor (some rotor is made of magnetized material). We can obtain the flow rate by counting a voltage pulse which is generated by the blade passes the coil. For mechanical detection, a set of gear is connected to rotor. The flow rate can obtained by measuring the revolution of the rotor."]
[]
["Applications & Limitations"]
[]
["Service: ","Clean liquids and gases"]
["Design pressure: ","Up to 4000 bar"]
["Design temperature:","-270 to 650degree C"]
["Flow range:","200cm3/h to 9000m3/h for liquids,17000000Nm3/h"]
["Signal: ","Frequency or analog electonic"]
["Accuracy: ","+/- 0.25% of rate liquids; +/- 1% of rate gas"]
["Rangeability:","10:1"]
["End connection: ","Flanged, Threaded, Sanitary, Grayloc"]
["Sizes: ","Up to 24\", also used as by-[ass meter around mainline orifice"]
["Advantages: ","Accurate liquid meters; good operating range, easy to install and maintain very low flowrate design available; small in size; lightweight; some turbine do not require external power"]
["Disadvantages: ","Sensitive to increasing viscosity; avoid use where state may change from liquid to gas; flow straighteners may be recommended"]
[]
[null,null,null,null,"Main"]

{"sheet":"Venturi Flowmeter","index":20,"n_rows":51,"n_cols":10,"rows_kept":51,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[4,0,4,9],[15,0,15,9],[25,0,25,9],[33,0,33,9],[46,1,46,9],[47,1,47,9]]}
[null,null,null,"Venturi Flowmeter",null,null,null,null,null,"Main"]
[]
["Principle of operation"]
[]
["A Venturi tube is a design standardized in BS1042-1.1 which consists of two sections of a tube with a larger diameter connected by a section having a smaller diameter. There is a gradual change in section between the pipe diameter and the cylindrical throat which shown in figure 1. "]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,null,null,"Figure 1"]
["Fluid flows through the tube at steady state produce differential pressure across larger diameter section and smaller diameter section. The flow rate can be obtained by measuring the differential pressure and Bernoulli principle which can be expressed as:"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
["Where"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
["Applications & Limitations"]
[]
["Service: ","Liquids and gases including steam"]
["Design pressure: ","Determined by transmitter"]
["Design temperature:","Determined by transmitter"]
["Flow range:","1m3/h (liquids) 30Nm3/h (gas) to upward determined by pipe size"]
["Signal: ","Analog electronic or pneumatic"]
["Accuracy: ","+/- 1%"]
["Rangeability:","4:1"]
["End connection: ","Flanged"]
["Sizes: ","Up to 72\", larger possible"]
["Advantages: ","Low permanent loss; good for slurries and dirty fluids; uses one transmitter regardless of pipe size"]
["Disadvantages: ","Most expensive in same type flowmeter; generally limited to air and water; big and heavy especially in larger pipe sizes. Accuracy affected by wear."]
[]
[]
[null,null,null,"Main"]

{"sheet":"V-cone Flowmeter","index":21,"n_rows":56,"n_cols":9,"rows_kept":56,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[4,0,4,9],[6,0,6,9],[17,0,17,9],[29,0,29,9],[31,0,31,9],[52,1,52,9],[53,1,53,9]]}
[null,null,"V-cone Flowmeter",null,null,null,null,null,"Main"]
[]
["Principle of operation"]
[]
["The V-Cone Flowmeter is a new differential pressure type flow technology. It operates on the same physical principle as other differential pressure type flowmeters, using Bernoulli's theorem for the conservation of energy in a closed pipe. This states that for a constant flow, the pressure in a pipe is inversely proportional to the square of the velocity in the pipe.\n\n"]
[]
["The structure of a V-Cone meter can be defined as a centrally-located cone inside a tube. The fluid flows around the cone, reshaping the fluid’s velocity profile and creating a region of lower pressure downstream of the cone. The pressure difference, exhibited between the static line pressure and the low pressure created downstream of the cone, can be measured via two pressure sensing taps. One tap is located slightly upstream of the cone, the other is placed in the downstream face of the cone. As the fluid approaches the cone, it will have a pressure of P1. The fluid velocity increases at the constricted area of the cone and the pressure drops to P2, as shown in Figure 1. Both P1 and P2 are measured at the cone’s taps using a differential pressure transducer. "]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,null,null,"Figure 1: V-cone flowmeter"]
["The differential pressure created by a V-Cone will increase and decrease exponentially with the flow velocity. The pressure difference can then be incorporated into a derivation of the Bernoulli equation to determine the fluid flow rate. The equation can be expressed as:"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
["Where Y = Adiabatic expansion factor"]
["         Cf  = Meter constant"]
["              = Density"]
["              = Differential pressure in Pascals"]
["           D = Meter inside diameter "]
["              = Beta ratio"]
[]
["As the constriction takes up more of the pipe cross-sectional area, lower beta ratio can be achieved and more differential pressure will be created at the same flow rates. The beta ratio equals the flow area at the largest cross section of the cone divided by the meter's inside diameter."]
[]
["The Wafer-Cone flow meter (figure 2) uses the same flow measurement principles as the V-Cone flow meter. But it offers greater installation flexibility and economy. The Wafer-Cone flow meter is a flangeless design, with the flow element contained in a short meter section that bolts between two flanges. This allows the flow element to be replaced easily to accommodate changing flow conditions. It can also be machined in different materials, including corrosion-resistant plastics and metals."]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,null,null,"Figure 2: Wafer-Cone flowmeter"]
[]
["Applications & Limitations"]
[]
["Service: ","Liquids and gases including steam"]
["Design pressure: ","Determined by transmitter"]
["Design temperature:","Determined by transmitter"]
["Flow range:","Varies (by vendor)"]
["Signal: ","Analog electronic or pneumatic"]
["Accuracy: ","+/- 1% "]
["Rangeability:","10:1"]
["End connection: ","Flanged or mounts between flanges"]
["Sizes: ","From 0.5 to 72\", Wafer-Cones range from 0.5 to 6\""]
["Advantages: ","No moving parts; high turndown ratio; easy to install and maintenance free; short upstream/downstream straight pipe requirement; suitable for wet gas measurement"]
["Disadvantages: ","Application on viscosity liquids limited. Calibration recommended for optimum performance."]
[]
[null,null,null,null,"Main"]

{"sheet":"Help","index":22,"n_rows":36,"n_cols":18,"rows_kept":36,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[0,7,1,10],[19,14,19,16],[19,17,19,19],[20,14,20,16],[20,17,20,19],[21,14,21,16],[21,17,21,19],[25,14,25,16],[26,14,26,16],[27,14,27,16],[32,1,33,9],[26,17,26,19],[27,17,27,19],[22,14,22,16],[22,17,22,19],[23,14,23,16],[23,17,23,19],[24,14,24,16],[24,17,24,19],[25,17,25,19]]}
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Flowmeter selection"]
[]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Installation condition",null,null,null,null,"Process condition"]
[null,"What type of fluid to be handled?",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Min.","Normal","Max."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Line size",null,null,null,"Inches",null,"Design temperature",null,null,null,"C"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Operating temperature",null,null,null,"C"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Available upstream length",null,null,null,"D"]
[null,"Fluid Characteristic",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Design pressure",null,null,null,"bar"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Available downstream length",null,null,null,"D",null,"Operating pressure",null,null,null,"bar"]
[]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Will flow conditioners be used?",null,null,null,null,null,"Mass flow rate",null,null,null,"kg/h"]
[null,"Is the fluid corrosive?"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Density",null,null,null,"kg/m^3"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Is there excessive pipe vibration?"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Viscosity",null,null,null,"cP"]
[]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Will the flow be steady or pulsating?",null,null,null,null,null,"Designed for this service",null,"Normally applicable"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Applicable, consult manufacture"]
[null,"General flow measurement requirement",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Flowmeter Suggestion"]
[]
[null,"Overall accuracy (%)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Min","Max"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ambient temperature",null,null,null,"C"]
[]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ambient humidity",null,null,null,"%"]
[null,"Rangeability"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Move the cursor to the red point for help"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Click OK run the program"]
[null,"It is not nessary to fill in all the detail in the form, but more detail can help to narrow down the number of flowmeter suggestion and give more accurate result.",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Results"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Click Cancel to clear the form"]
[]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Main"]

{"sheet":"Back to main","index":23,"n_rows":0,"n_cols":0,"rows_kept":0,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}