Selected Readings on Contemporary Issues

Contents

Part I. 영어 전문.... 000

Part II. 번역 전문.... 000

Part III. 영/한 번역전문.... 000

Selected Readings on Contemporary Issues

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영어 전문

UNIT 01

The bicentennial of Hans Christian Andersen's birth brings a spate of new works revealing his darker side.

Once upon a time there was a lonely writer from Copenhagen whose stories were filled with tragedy.

His heroines died or suffered dismemberment, and critics panned his conversational writing style.

Soon, however, sanitized translations of his tales became best-selling children's books in the neighboring lands of Germany and Britain.

The Danish hailed their storyteller as the genius creator of a new literary genre: eventyr, or fairy tales.

But among Copenhagen's 19th-century elite, he was still seen as an outsider - the lowly son of an alcoholic washerwoman.

His love life was tragic: he fell for men and women, artists and the bourgeoisie, but they all rejected him, He died alone in 1875 at the age of 70, a far cry from living happily ever after.

The storyteller was Hans Christian Andersen, and next year is the bicentennial of his birth.

To celebrate, more than 100 new works inspired by Andersen's darker side promise to bring the storyteller out of the Victorian nursery.

The works include books, plays, ballets and operas, and transcend all cultural boundaries.

Chinese director Feng Xiaogang's "Peach Blossom" re-imagines Andersen's doomed love story "Under the Willow Tree" - about childhood sweethearts parted by the demands of adulthood - in a Chinese town during the Cultural Revolution.

The first Arabic translation of Andersen's fairy tales is due out next summer.

And in New York, the Dimpho Di Kopane South African theater group is performing an adaptation of "Snow Queen" (through Nov. 28), whose sadistic lead character forces boys to make puzzles out of ice in her frozen castle.

"Like Andersen's own stories," says Lars Seeberg, director of Denmark's Hans Christian Andersen 2005 Foundation, "not all of it is appropriate for children."

Andersen's fairy tales have undergone puritanical rewrites and shoddy translations - from the 1840s, when translators excised passages they found offensive, to the 1980s happy ending that Disney stuck on "The Little Mermaid."

This year, two new English translations stay true to Andersen's comically morbid prose.

Diana Crone Frank and Jeffrey Frank's "The Stories of Hans Christian Andersen" captures the medieval tone of his early tales.

In "The Tinderbox," the soldier demands that the witch reveal what she's going to do " 'or I'll pull out my sword and cut off your head.' 'I won't,' the witch said. So the soldier chopped off her head, and there she lay."

Tiina Nunnally's new translation goes back to basics, using the shadowy paper-cutout illustrations Andersen favored colorful glossies.

With J. K. Rowling and Lemony Snicket bringing black magic to the top of today's children's literature, the moment seems ripe for a return to the original Andersen.

"We always construct childhood in the way we need it," says Torben Weinreich, professor of children's literature at the University of Copenhagen.

"We used to see children as people who needed protection. These days we have to say children are strong because we leave them by themselves so much ... Andersen was prescient.“

He was also immensely prolific, writing 36 theatrical works, six travel books, six novels, three autobiographies and hundreds of poems.

Today, all but his fairy tales are forgotten.

In his autobiographies, Andersen idealized his rags-to-riches story, casting himself as the triumphant "Ugly Duckling."

Superficially, the parallel held: he left home in Odense when he was 14 and, armed only with the conviction that he was a genius, found his fortune in Copenhagen by singing and making paper cutouts for the city's powerful.

The new pieces go deeper, arguing that Andersen's biography is better understood through his experiences of unconsummated love.

Kim Brandstrup's ballet “The Anatomy of a Storyteller,” which debuted at London's Royal Opera House earlier this month, makes the unsettling case that those closest to him were the templates for his cruelest creations.

The Snow Queen is Andersen's alcoholic mother the homicidal Shadow is his best friend, Edvard Collin.

Elvis Costello's new three-person opera, opening next spring in Copenhagen, imagines the sweet-singing bird who cannot be caged in Andersen's "The Nightingale" as the stand-in for one of his unrequited loves, the Swedish soprano Jenny Lind.

"I am certain that Andersen never had sex," says biographer Jens Andersen (no relation), whose work "Andersen: A Biography" (due out in English next April) explores the way his stunted sexuality poisoned his tales.

Even Andersen's views of death are being revised. More than three quarters of his 156 stories discuss the subject - often triumphantly.

The final lines of "Auntie Toothache," written when he was worried about losing his mind and his creative spark, read: “The brewer is dead, Auntie is dead, the student is dead - the one whose literary sparks went into the rubbish. Everything goes into the rubbish.”

Historically, editors and translators - as well as Andersen himself - edited out this bleak finale.

In their new translations, both the Franks and Nunnally have brought it back.

So much for a fairy-tale ending.

UNIT 03

A new contender for authorship of Shakespeare's works

For more than 150 years, literary sleuths have questioned whether William Shakespeare-a man with a grammar-school education, at best-could possibly have penned some of the greatest works in the English language.

"You can be born with intelligence, but you can't be born with book learning," says Mark Rylance, Shakespearean actor and artistic director of the Globe Theatre in London.

But if Shakespeare didn't write the plays, who did?

Dozens of candidates have been proposed, most of them men.

But at a conference of the Shakespearean Authorship Trust in London next week, American writer Robin Williams will argue that the true bard was a woman-Mary Sidney Herbert, the Countess of Pembroke.

Sidney (as her biographers call her) is a logical suspect.

Sister of the Elizabethan poet Sir Philip Sidney, she was a poet herself and one of the best-educated woman in England, along with Elizabeth I.

Perhaps not surprisingly, her name has surfaced before as a possible collaborator on Shakespeare's plays, although never until now as a candidate in her own right.

Scholars are unlikely to be persuaded.

"The very fact that there are so many candidates is almost a proof that none of them is the author," says Stanley Wells, chairman of the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust in Stratford-Upon-Avon.

But that doesn't deter Williams.

"One homicide detective told me, 'You're using the same reasoning we use to track down murderers'," she says.

In short, Mary Sidney had the motive, means and opportunity to write the plays.

At her home in Wiltshire, she fostered a literary circle whose mission was to elevate English literature-a strong motive.

Gary Waller, a Sidney scholar at Purchase College in New York, has called her salon "a seedbed of literary revolution" and Sidney herself "the first major female literary figure in England."

With her vast library, education and command of foreign languages, Sidney also had the means to create the works.

And with her extensive connections in the literary world, she had opportunity to smuggle the plays to theater companies.

Perhaps it's just coincidence, but the first eight Shakespeare plays were published anonymously-"and three of them," says Williams, "provocatively note on the title page that they were produced by Pembroke's Men, the acting company that Mary Sidney and her husband sponsored."

Sidney-as-Bard would solve a number of riddles, argues Williams.

It would explain why Shakespeare wrote love sonnets to a younger man. (Sidney had a younger lover, Matthew Lister.)

It could clarify why the first compilation of Shakespeare's plays, the First Folio of 1623, was dedicated to the earls of Pembroke and Montgomery (her sons).

And it would explain Ben Jonson's First Folio eulogy to the "sweet swan of Avon." Sidney had an estate on the River Avon-and her personal symbol was the swan.

"There are swans in the lace collar and cuffs of her last portrait," Williams notes.

Even her dates dovetail with Shakespeare's-which is more than one can say of some of the other candidates.

Edward de Vere, widely regarded as the leading contender, died 12 years before Shakespeare, requiring a revisionist chronology of the plays.

And to embrace Christopher Marlowe, one has to believe that he faked his murder in 1593 and escaped to the European continent.

"But there is growing evidence for this," says Michael Frohnsdorff, head of the Marlowe Society, add-ing that a new commemorative window in Westminster Abbey gives Marlowe's dates as "1564-1593?" Sidney's are more straightforward.

She was born three years before Shakespeare and died five years after.

When she suffered a series of personal losses, the plays turned darker. "It all fits," says Williams.

Case closed? Not yet.

As intriguing as Williams's argument is, her evidence is circumstantial.

Proof, says Sidney biographer Margaret Hannay, "would require things like letters from contemporaries praising 'Mary Sidney's Hamlet'."

Until that proof turns up, scholars will stand by the man from Stratford.

But that won't stop mystery lovers from trying to unseat him. The intrigue could prove as immortal as the works of the Bard-whoever he or she really was.

UNIT 05

A proud American art form finally gets a prestigious, permanent Manhattan address. It's about time.

Wynton Marsalis is scheduled to do an interview about Frederick P. Rose Hall, Zazz at Lincoln Center's $128 million new permanenthome and performance space.

But the interview can't get started because Marsalis, who has been JLC's artistic director since its founding in 1991, can't stop staring at the temporary stage in the Allen Room, one of Rose Hall's three sumptuous theaters.

The stage that's bugging Marsalis in a modular thing on little aluminum legs.

You can add or subtract pieces from it, and it's obvious that Marsalis would like to subtract.

Ask anyone involved with JLC: Marsalis doesn't like stages, doesn't like being above the audience, likes to perform in the round, and on and on.

There is almost nothing about this place that he hasn't put his stamp on, right down to the freight elevator, which is decorated with a scrap of the score from one of his compositions, "All Rise."

He seems flustered for a second when he can't tell which kind of wood is used in the Allen Room's Floor, but then he looks straight at you and says, "But I know exactly what it cost."

Would JLC even have this new home if it weren't for Masrsalis?

Managing to be both tactful and accurate, he gives a little smile and says, "Eventually."

It's taken long enough already for America's greatest indigenous art form, usually consigned to smoky clubs and raw downtown lofts, to take its place uptown alongside opera, dance and classical music.

As Rafael Vinoly, the project's architect, points out, "This is much more than just a permanent address for jazz. This building is an excuse for something important to happen, for people to realize just how intrinsic to the culture jazz is."

Jazz-record sales may be stagnant, its audience no bigger than that for classical music.

But the JLC staff is determined to use its new home to show New York and the rest of America what it's been missing.

And you will be hard pressed to find anyone in the jazz community, from musicians to club owners to critics, who won't give Marsalis most of the credit for ramrodding JLC's struggle to build its own home.

The jazz composer and clarinetist Don Byron takes it a step further:

"We‘ve got the Philharmonic, the various opera and ballet orchestras, none of whom have even 25 percent African-American participation. And none of them have a music director who's African-American.

In a major city, this is the only legitimate gig that's run by a leader who's black, so how bad is that?"

He pauses. "Now, the fact that it's in the middle of a mall, that's kind of weird."

JLC's Rose Hall is actually several blocks south of Lincoln Center - Which has been running out of space for years - lodged in the new Time Warner Center at New York City's Columbus Circle, cheek to cheek with, yes, an urban mall housing Williams-Sonoma, Borders and assorted high-end restaurants.

The site's developers were required by the city to earmark a portion of the building for public use, but it was the then Mayor Rudolph Giuliani who insisted that the space be given to JLC in 1998.

The new facility has ample classroom space, one of the biggest and best recording studios in the city and the exquisite Ertegun Jazz Hall of Fame, designed by the architect David Rockwell.

And last week the opening-night crowds who came to hear the JLC Orchestra in the Rose Theater, or the JLC Afro-Latin Jazz Orchestra in the Allen Room, or Tony Bennett in Dizzy's club Coca-Cola, heard jazz as it has never been heard before.

Even before picking the architects. the Lincoln Center jazz folks hired acousticians.

“This is a project where acoustics is really big deal," says John Storyk, one of the sound experts.

"It's not like the roofing contractor or the elevator consultant. If we said, 'We really need the glass to be this big or to change its shape,' they generally did it."

The acousticians listened hard when Marsalis and other jazz-orchestra members talked about what they liked in various halls around the world.

One member of the sound team even spent his vacation touring with the band to hear what they heard.

As a result, Storyk says, the performance spaces in Rose Hall combine "lots of bits and pieces from all over the place. It's kind of like jazz itself.

And underlying everything is the idea of flexibility.

Every space has to be able to do 10 different things. Like jazz."

The acoustic triumph of the whole project is the Allen Room, with that sky-size window.

Glass is an acoustician's nightmare, but by angling the window slightly, the designers pushed the sound up, not back at the audience.

When it hits the ceiling, it meets a grid of spongelike diffusers that spread the music back over the audience with an almost golden quality.

Another big plus is something you'll never see: to keep it free of outside sound or vibration, the Rose Theater floats within the building around it, like a box within a box.

It's connected only at the floor, where it rests on neoprene. As a result, the hall is quieter than most recording studios.

But the best feature of all was a happy accident: only when the room was finished did its designers discover that, thanks to the box-within-a -box design, cell phones don't work there.

Still, why should someone who doesn't live in New York care whether Jazz at Lincoln Center gets its own performance space?

"Because," Marsalis says, "this is the United States of America."

He sweeps his arm to include the room where he stands and the cityscape outside.

"These things stand as a symbol of what we can achieve, and symbols are very, very important. Our goal is to change the cultural paradigm.

We want kids to come here, and when they do, they'll want to come back. And when they come back, they'll bring their parents."

Marsalis singles out the Jazz Hall of Fame, a small room at the heart of the new complex full of interactive exhibits honoring the greats of the music.

The first inductees include Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Billie Holiday and Charlie Parker.

There are no surprises on that first list, but Marsalis points to the necessity of educating even the faithful on the importance of the past.

“I ask my students if they think segregation had an effect on Charlie Parker. They say, 'No, don't think so'.” He looks genuinely pained.

"We don't have to battle for the legitimacy of jazz. That's done. What we have to do is strive to make jazz and its history and legacy available, because jazz is about bringing different things and different people together."

For the first time in history, Rose Hall gives jazz its very own stomping ground to make it happen.

UNIT 07

How To Age Gracefully

Keep your body running at its best by adjusting tour sports and exercise rutines as the years go by

Wendell Petersen, 61, stopped running long distances after he suffered a herniated disk.

Marti Devore, 53, abandoned stair climbers and treadmills when she aggravated an old hip injury.

Marilyn Franzen, 52. gave up racquetball and triathlons after three knee operations.

As Petersen, Devore, Franzen and any other middle-aged fitness buff can tell you, the older you get, the more you have to deal with creaky and painful joints.

But the benefits of exercise - from lower blood pressure to improved mood - are just too great to pass up.

So most people who want to remain active eventually learn to accommodate their aging bodies by changing sports or exercise routines.

There are, however, a few rules of thumb to keep in mind.

Recent studies have taught exercise physiologist a lot about which combinations of physical activities work best at different ages.

But the same physiologists also warn that you shouldn't get so hung up on the new advice that you abandon your old routines.

"Almost any kind of activity will make you fit," says Herber Lollgen, professor of sports medicine and cardiology at Bochum University in Germany.

"Swimming, hiking, bowling and callisthenics are particularly advisable. But even the smallest units of exercise mount up over the day."

Like most experts, Lollgen divides fitness activities into three broad categories.

At the top of the list is cardiovascular exercise - anything that makes the heart beat faster.

"No matter what your age - unless you have a truly unstable condition - getting you several times a week is really important," says Miriam Nelson, an associate professor at the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University in Boston, Massachusetts.

"That trumps everything."

The other two major types of activity - strength training and stability (or balance) exercises -come into greater play as to you get older.

You don't necessarily have to do separate exercises for each category, especially when you're young.

Indeed, some of the best physical routines - like Tai Chi or rock climbing - combine two or more approaches.

But expert to change the mix as you move through the decades of your life.

TWENTIES. At this age, you should regularly be doing some moderate and some vigorous exercise.

Basically, you want to break a sweat at least three times a week for at least 20 to 30 minutes.

Don't slack off the other days of the week.

Go for a walk, climb the stairs - anything to elevate your heart rate a bit.

Plan to do muscle-strengthening exercises at least twice a week.

You can probably get away with fewer exercises that target your trunk muscles or stretch your tendons and ligaments, but avoid the temptation to ignore these altogether.

Your natural sense of balance - which depends on muscles as well as nerves - begins to fade earlier than you might think, at about age 16.

THIRTIES AND FORTIES. At this point, you need to start getting more systematic about your physical routine.

Grace and bursts of speed don't come quite as naturally as they once did.

Women in particular need to focus on strength training - two to three times a week - in order to build muscle mass and preserve bone, which otherwise begins to get thinner.

Make aerobic activity a daily routine, and if you haven't already, be sure to include stretching, flexibility and balance exercises in your regimen.

This is the time when many runners, soccer players and racquetball enthusiasts start the switch to biking, rowing, figure skating or cross-country skiing.

FIFTIES AND SIXTIES. What you do now starts to depend more on your risk factors.

Cardiovascular disease is still the biggest threat so keep that heart rate up.

Maintaining your weight takes more work.

"It becomes more important to do exercises that address your strength and flexibility and balance as well as cardiovascular [requirements]," says Roseann Lyle, a professor of health promotion at Purdue University.

She is particularly fond of resistance bands and stability balls.

SEVENTIES AND BEYOND. "The 70s are different than they used to be," says Nelson.

"There is no reason not to do aerobics or strength training [at that age]."

The greatest benefit often occurs in those who are frail (see box) or suffer from such conditions as emphysema, heart disease, diabetes, osteoporosis, high blood pressure and arthritis.

As you might expect, flexibility and balance training are more important than ever.

And it appears that seniors are starting to heed the advice they're getting to keep moving.

According to surveys conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the number of sedentary men age 70 and older has dropped over the past 15 years from 40% to 30%, while the number of sedentary women 70 years and older has fallen from nearly 50% to 40%.

Whatever your age, spice up your routines with variety, both to keep from getting boredom and to avoid injury.

"The effects of physical exercise on mortality and morbidity, even in old age, can be compared to expensive medication," says Lollgen.

"But what's even more important is preserving independence and quality of life," Change sports with the seasons - and make room for other goals.

“When I turned 50, I made a list of 50 things that I wanted to accomplish,” says Franzen, the former triathlete, who now plays ice hockey.

"There were some sports things, like rowing and trying to snowboard.

But there were other things, like learning to play drums and travel.

I exercise much less than I used to, and I'm still in great health, so I have no complaints.”

That's a goal to which we can all aspire.

UNIT 09

Steeped In Health

Sit down, put on a pot, and chalk up another entry in the list of ways that tea drinking may be good for you.

Researchers at the Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston have found new evidence that ordinary tea may prime the immune system to fend off attacks from bacteria and other pathogens.

"This is the first report of tea affecting the immune system," says Dr. Jack Bukowski, a rheumatologist and co-author of the study.

But it's hardly the first health benefit attributed to tea.

Over the years, credible claims have been made that tea may help protect against various forms of cancer, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease and rheumatoid arthritis.

The Brigham and Women's study looked at the effects of black tea (for the record, it was Lipton) on 11 healthy non - tea drinkers and compared them with 10 healthy people who began drinking coffee.

The researchers found that drinking 600㎖ of tea every day for at least two weeks doubled or tripled the immune system's output of an infection-fighting substance called interferon gamma.

The coffee drinkers, by contrast, registered no difference in interferon-gamma production.

Apparently the body metabolizes the tea into molecules that mimic the surface proteins of bacteria, jump-starting the immune system so that when real bugs show up, they can more easily be dispatched.

Before you rush out to stock up on tea bags, however, there are a few things you need to know.

The evidence of tea's benefits is still contradictory.

A few large epidemiological studies support the health claims, but others do not.

Smaller experiments, like the Brigham and Women's study, can only hint at theoretical benefits.

They don't prove anything.

Even if tea does turn out to be some kind of general immune-system booster, the effect can't be that strong.

After all, there are millions of tea drinkers in China, and yet diseases like SARS somehow manage to take hold and spread.

Finally, a word about the different types of tea.

There is only one true tea plant, Camellia sinensis. (Herbal teas are made from other plants.)

The main varieties - black, green and oolong - reflect different processing techniques.

If tea is in fact an immune booster, you would expect all three varieties to be equally effective since they are all broken down by the body into molecules that mimic bacterial proteins.

There are differences, however, in the types and amounts of disease-preventing antioxidants various teas contain.

Green tea has more of the chemically simpler antioxidants called catechins, whereas black tea contains more complex antioxidants called theaflavins and thearubigins.

Chemically, oolong tea is a bit of a mix of the other two.

Doctors still don't know whether one type of tea is better for some conditions than others.

It's possible that they all take the body to the same place but by different routes.

As always, use a little common sense. Tea is first and foremost one of life's simple pleasures.

If you enjoy it, by all means, go ahead and drink it.

But don't expect it to make up for bad habits, like smoking, or for bad luck, like whatever genetic shortcomings you were born with.

UNIT 11

Good deeds on the cutting edge

At a recording studio in Tokyo's forever-young Shibuya district, Ryuichi Sakamoto pushes up the sleeves of his rust-color sweater and leans back in his chair.

Looking relaxed, the 51-year-old composer, keyboardist and singer is happy to talk about some of the musical projects he has in the works.

But what really captivates him at the moment is an environmental organization he's just founded called Artists' Power.

Although still in its planning stages, Sakamoto hopes the collection of artists, writers and musicians he is assembling will soon become a powerful advocate for renewable-energy sources such as windmills and solar power.

"Our reliance on fossil fuels is causing a whole world of problems," he says.

"We need to find alternatives."

Sakamoto's burgeoning activism is a new chapter in an already illustrious musical career.

An electronic-music pioneer and movie-soundtrack composer (he won an Oscar for The Last Emperor), Sakamoto has long been an oxymoron: a careerist who lives on the cutting edge.

But he has recently expanded his portfolio to include antiwar and environmental causes, both in the studio and outside of it.

His interest was piqued a few years ago by a chance viewing of a TV documentary about land mines.

Horrified by the carnage inflicted on innocent civilians, he teamed up with David Sylvian, Ryu Murakami, Kraftwerk and Brian Eno, among others, to produce a single called Zero Landmine, which has raised millions of dollars for mine-removal efforts worldwide.

For many of his devotees, Sakamoto's new social voice was an unexpected but appreciated wake-up call.

"It made me realize what's going on in other parts of the world," says Kazushi Inagaki, a 34-year-old fan in Shizuoka.

In recent months Sakamoto has also become a vocal critic of the conflict in the Gulf, speaking against the military campaign in newspaper interviews and promoting (via mass e-mail) a widely acclaimed Japanese antiwar book called On a Small Bridge in Iraq.

Though he hesitates to call himself an activist, that's clearly what he is becoming.

Spend just a little time with him and you recognize he has the necessary ingredients: hefty amounts of outrage leavened with even greater doses of idealism.

"You know what I'd love to do?" he asks, sliding forward in his chair in that studio in Tokyo, returning to his vision for a world less dependent on oil.

"I'd love to play a concert among a sea of windmills which are powering the concert itself. That," he says, grinning broadly, "would be beautiful."

UNIT 13

It's Raining Sardines

It's an old story: boy meets girl, girl turns out to be his mother, boy kills father.

Sophocles told it 2,400 years ago, as have many authors since.

But few have tackled the Oedipal tale with as much wit, verve and retail success as Japan's Haruki Murakami has in Kafka on the Shore.

The book sold 550,000 copies in its first month on his home soil in 2002, inspiring a sequel comprised of selections from the 8,870 e-mail critiques Murakami received and his 1,220 replies.

Kafka has become a best seller in Germany, South Korea and China, and now promises to gain a large new audience with the release of the English version in the U.S. and the U.K.

The novel, Murakami's 10th and his first big one since The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle in 1997, features a 15-year-old boy who runs away from his Tokyo home shortly before his father's body is discovered in a pool of bloodand heads for distant Takamatsu.

There he meets a mysterious librarian, who may or may not be his long-lost mother, and a sexy hairdresser, who may or may not be his vanished elder sister.

Filling out the cast is an old man who lost his memory in an apparent UFO encounter but gained the power to converse with cats.

Also present is Johnnie Walker (of whisky fame, in tails and top hat), who kills felines to make flutes from their souls, and Colonel Sanders (the fried-chicken guy, in white suit and string tie), who moonlights as a back-alley pimp and supernatural fixer.

Fans of Murakami will find none of this unusual.

Since Norwegian Wood, his 1989 tale of nostalgia and loss (4.5 million copies and counting), the former Tokyo jazz-club owner, now 56, has gained worldwide fame for his coolly narrated stories of odd disappearances, bizarre quests, disaffected youth and a Japan struggling with its wartime past.

He is also noted for his nonfiction books about the 1995 Kobe earthquake and Tokyo subway gas attack, as well as his translations of works by American masters, from F. Scott Fitzgerald to Raymond Carver.

So vast is Murakami's fame that nearly as many books have been written about him as by him.

A Taiwan newspaper has even suggested that his visage may one day grace a Japanese banknote, as does that of Meiji-era novelist Soseki Natsume, a Murakami influence.

Others he admires, Murakami has admitted, include Fitzgerald, Carver, David Foster Wallace and Tim O'Brien, all of them Americans.

Indeed, Murakami's fondness for U.S. pop-cultural references has moved local critics to complain that he worships the West at the expense of things Japanese.

Guilty, with an explanation.

As Kafka demonstrates, Murakami's Japan is a land of truck stops, rock music, Ray-Bans, Hollywood movies and workouts at the gym.

But for his youngish, hip, history-oblivious fans, this is Japan.

More than previous Murakami novels, Kafka embraces nearly the entire Western canon, with learned digressions on Beethoven, Schubert, Chekhov, T.S. Eliot and pantheons of ancient Greeks.

It's an education in a box, much like the small but mysteriously well-stocked Takamatsu library where Murakami's young Oedipus finds a job as live-in caretaker.

He is no ordinary 15-year-old.

As well-read as a professor and alienated as Holden Caulfield (Murakami was translating J.D. Salinger's Catcher in the Rye as he wrote the novel), the boy calls himself Kafka Tamura, though you never learn his real name.

He left home because his sculptor father was a sadistic beast who drove wife and daughter to decamp years earlier and who cruelly tells the boy that he will someday kill Dad and have sex with Mom and Sis.

Determined to be "the toughest 15-year-old in the world," Kafka flees the prophesy, only to collide with it at Takamatsu.

Complications ensue, as do very realistic wet dreams involving both the librarian and the hairdresser.

But are they dreams? And did he really kill his father?

Typically, Murakami leaves strands untied, though a shaken but wiser Kafka returns home to be "part of a brand-new world."

Kafka lacks the narrative consistency of Norwegian Wood and the noirish menace of his 1989

classic A Wild Sheep Chase.

But what a tale! You never know when the cats will talk, the sky will rain sardines or yet another show-stopping character will step forward.

In a Web poll of Japanese readers, most respondents said that if Kafka were dramatized, they would want to play Oshima, the librarian's impressively literate, transsexual assistant.

Others preferred Hoshino, the earthy truck driver who helps the cat-talking old man in his quest to find a magic stone that can free the boy from his curse.

Like any Murakami novel, Kafka defies both description and the urge to stop reading.

UNIT 15

jumping to conclusions

Vic Braden has a special talent, and it's driving him nuts.

Braden, a well-known tennis coach, can tell when a player is about to double-fault before the tennis racket even meets the ball.

He doesn't know how; it just comes to him in a flash.

One year he watched the tournament at Indian Wells and called 16 out of 17 double faults before they happened.

This freaks him out. "What did I see?" Braden wonders.

"I would lie in bed thinking, 'How did I do this? I don't know.' It drove me crazy."

Apparently, it drives Malcolm Gladwell crazy too because he has written a whole book about it titled Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking (Little, Brown; 277 pages).

Gladwell isn't a psychologist or a tennis pro.

He's a journalist, a staff writer for the New Yorker, but he likes to dabble in those kinds of intriguing, messily interdisciplinary problems, to which he brings his singularly lucid, clarifying intellect.

The Tipping Point, Gladwell's first book, was a study of the unexpectedly viral ways that ideas, trends and fads spread through the general population.

In Blink Gladwell takes as his subject the snap decision.

Why, he wants to know, do intuitive, unconscious, seat-of-the- pants judgments, made in seconds on the basis of very little information, so often turn out better than better-informed, more thoughtful choices?

Gladwell concedes defeat at the outset: what goes on in the locked magician's trunk of the unconscious will always be a mystery.

But we can keep careful track of what goes into the box and what comes out of it.

The unconscious mind is astonishingly good at filtering out superfluous data and seizing on essential truth, we learn, but too much time or information can confuse and blind it.

And the unconscious mind can be trained.

The psychologist John Gottman can watch a 15-minute videotape of a husband and wife about whom he knows nothing and predict with 90% accuracy whether they will still be married in 15 years.

Gladwell, with his infernal gift for coining buzzwords, calls the rapid analysis performed by the unconscious mind "thin slicing.“

Gladwell's real genius is as a storyteller.

He's like an omniscient, many-armed Hindu god of anecdotes: he plucks them from every imaginable field of human endeavor.

The art historian who can instantly spot a forgery that fooled a battery of scientific tests but can't explain why.

The ornithologist can identify at 200 yards an exotic bird he's never seen in flight before.

The psychologist who has catalogued the 10,000 expressions of which the human face is capable.

Gladwell hangs with superstar car salesmen and emergency-room cardiologists, badass battlefield commanders and improv-comedy troupes.

He even talks to speed daters. Says a disappointed woman, memorably, about a roomful of unsuccessful suitors: "They lost me at hello."

In fact, Gladwell throws so many anecdotes at us in Blink, from so many directions, that sometimes it's a little hard to be certain what they prove.

Sure, producer Brian Grazer knew right away that Tom Hanks had star potential when he auditioned for Splash.

But is that kind of judgment really analogous to the split-second decision-making process of a Marine in a war game?

Or of the New York City policemen who decided, incorrectly, that immigrant Amadou Diallo was holding a gun and not his wallet?

But if Gladwell sometimes plays fast and loose with his evidence, he's easy to forgive because going fast is so darn fun.

It's hard to say what Glandwell is trying to prove with a section on professional food tasters, for instance, but, hey, did you know that food scientists have a 15-point scale for measuring crispiness, on which Quaker's Chewy Chocolate Chunk Granola Bars are a 2 and Kellogg's Corn Flakes a 14?

What Glandwell is saying in Blink is often less compelling than the facts he uses to back himself up.

Who doesn't know that tall, good-looking people get preferential treatment?

But Gladwell's analysis of the political career of Warren G. Harding - who was a lousy President but (apparently) a hot, hot man - is mesmerizing.

Remember the Pepsi Challenge? It was what we can call a "Classic" example of the limits of Blink-style thinking.

According to Glandwell, Coca-Cola executives were so distraught over statistics showing that Pepsi beat Coke in those blind, one-sip face-offs that they came up with New Coke.

New Coke beat pepsi in taste tests, but it flopped spectacularly in the market.

The geniuses at Coca-Cola had forgotten that the real world is very different from a focus group.

Nobody drinks Coke blind, nor do they just take one sip.

Consumers drink a whole can, and that affects how they make their choices.

Which proves what, exactly? My conscious mind has no idea.

But to Gladwell's credit, my unconsious found it royally entertaining.

UNIT 17

Trapping the Superbugs

Nicholas Johnson nearly died from what he thought was a shoulder sprain.

Last year the 13-year-old from Stafford, Texas, made an awkward tackle in football practice and a few days later ended up in the emergency room with a fever of 40.3 degrees.

Doctors, who had initially given him pain medication and a sling, now added antibiotics and a diagnosis of walking pneumonia. But Johnson only grew worse.

When his parents rushed him back to the ER three days later, respiratory failure had set in and doctors put him on a ventilator.

"Our pediatrician told us he might not survive," his mother Janet, recalls.

Johnson did survive. But only after multiple surgeries, months of rehabilitation and permanent hearing loss in one ear.

Doctors still don't know what touched off Johnson's illness - most likely, bacteria entered his bloodstream through a shoulder abrasion.

But one thing is clear: what nearly killed the otherwise healthy teen was an increasingly common infection that standard antibiotics couldn't touch.

AS recently as the 1980s, doctors thought they had bacteria licked.

But the microbes have bounced back with a vengeance, developing resistance to the strongest of antibiotics.

A study released over the summer reports that 70 percent of infections acquired in hospitals - the hot zone for disease transmission - can defy at least one drug.

And the problem is seeping out into the community. Doctors report that people like Johnson are coming in off the street nearly every week.

"We're having patients die as we watch them, because there's nothing to treat them with," says Dr. Joseph Dalovisio, head of infectious diseases at the Ochsner Clinic Foundation in New Orleans, Louisiana.

Many of the big pharmaceutical companies have abandoned antibiotics research to focus on more profitable chronic conditions.

But a small army of biotech companies is racing to fill the void, pursuing new treatments for everything from blood infections to tuberculosis.

The question is whether they'll get there in time.

How did it come to this? The problem of drug resistance is as old as antibiotics themselves.

Because bacteria, like humans, are diverse, drugs are rarely 100 percent effective against them.

A compound that is 90 percent effective against a particular bacterium will control most infections.

But as generations of bacteria are exposed to that drug, the resistant strains survive and multiply, making the treatment ever less effective.

That's why penicillin, the world's first wonder drug, now cures only a small fraction of the ailments it was once prescribed for.

The easiest way to develop a new drug is to improve on an older one.

Boston-based Paratek Pharmaceuticals, in partnership with German drug maker Bayer, is working on a new tetracycline, an antibiotic that is as safe as penicillin but capable of treating a wider variety of diseases.

Tetracycline works by penetrating a microbe's cell wall, then latching onto and disabling its ribosome, a molecular structure required for reproduction.

The new resistant microbes either have mutant ribosomes that prevent the drug from binding to them or a pump that expels the drug.

But Levy and his team have developed more than 1,000 new molecules that aren't so easily foiled.

If approved by 2008, as the company hopes, their first candidate will be used to treat a host of serious infections, including the increasingly common methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA), the disease that nearly killed Johnson.

Basilea, a spinoff of Swiss drug giant Roche, is updating another class of broad-spectrum antibiotics called cephalosporins and has a new antibiotic that could reach the market in 2007.

Meanwhile researchers are pursuing drugs that could keep some microbes from infecting people at all.

Most bacterial cells contain a "master switch," a protein that commands other proteins to attach to human tissue and, in some cases, release toxins.

Paratek has developed molecules that can bind to the master protein and disable it.

Because the new compound doesn't have to kill the bacteria or keep them from reproducing, Levy believes it is less likely to breed resistance.

Farther down the line is the prospect of attacking bacteria with naturally occurring viruses known as phages.

Phage therapy was practiced in the United State before antibiotics were developed 60 years ago, and it's still used in Poland and part of the former Soviet Union.

The viruses inject their DNA into bacterial cells, reproduce inside them, and then destroy the cells by exploding out of them.

And unlike antibiotics, "phages evolve along with the bacteria," says Alexander Sulakvelidze, cofounder of Intralytix in Baltimore - possibly making resistance easier to overcome.

Another advantage of phages is their specificity.

Whereas traditional antibiotics destroy beneficial bacteria as well as harmful ones, phage-based treatments "Will kill only the bad bugs," says Janakiraman Ramachandran, founder of Gangagen, which has offices in Palo Alto, California; Ottawa, Canada, and Bangalore, India.

The catch is that doctors might have to match each patient's infection with just the right phage.

To address that problem, researchers are now trying to develop phages that attack more than on type of bacteria.

Another advantage of phages is their specificity.

Philanthropic groups are tackling diseases of the developing world.

The New York-based TB Alliance is developing one of the first new drugs against tuberculosis in more than 30 years.

TB kills 2 million people annually and requires a six-month treatment regimen involving four different antibiotics.

Patients often quit the regimen after two to three months, as they begin to feel batter - speeding the emergence of drug-resistant strains.

If successful, TB Alliance's new compound, PA-824, could cut treatment time in half.

It's expected to enter clinical trials early next year.

Will these efforts be enough to stem the tide of antibiotic resistance?

Some experts doubt it.

Many believe public measures are needed to expand the market for antibiotics - tax incentives to spur research and development, extended patents to high-priority drug, government purchases to protect manufactures during periods of low demand.

Countless lives could depend on them.

UNIT 19

Dumb and Dumber

They vanished from the earth 35,000 years ago but Neanderthals continue to prowl through our imaginations, clad in fur and wielding clubs.

Since the skeletal remains of these archetypal cavemen were discovered by limestone miners in Germany's Neander Valley in 1856, scientists have quarreled over whether Neanderthals were a distinct species(now extinct) or an earlier form of modern hamans - embarrassing ancestors nobody wants at the evolutionary dinner party.

Over recent years a spate of research has only stirred up fresh controversy over the relationship between our direct ancestors - the anatomically modern humans, called Aurignacians, Who began to disperse from Africa across Asia and Europe 150,000 years ago - and the Neanderthal populations with whom they in some regions of Europe for 8,000 years.

After a flurry of research in the last few years, a bigger picture is beginning to emerge - and it leaves Neanderthals out on the cold.

That's the main point of a Cambridge University archaeologist Paul Mellars, writing in last week's issue of the journal Nature.

Genetic research, he says, has now disproved the notion that Aurignacians and Neanderthals interbred, making us all at least part Neanderthal.

And it's brought to light a crucial gene that mat have given man an evolutionary edge and may also have helped drive Neanderthals to extinction.

The FOXP2 gene endowed, Aurignacians with greater language abilities that are not present in other species.

And although Neanderthals were more intelligent than previously thought, the evidence falls short of showing that Neanderthals were in the same class as the sophisticated Aurignacians.

How cozy did humans and their Neanderthal neighbors get around the prehistoric campfire?

"All the new genetic evidence supports the idea that Neanderthals were a separate biological species," Mellars says.

"Even if there had been one interbreeding event in a thousand, we would have picked up on it by now.

The evidence argues powerfully against the idea that Neabderthals contributed anything to Homo sapiens."

Although earlier research found no similarity between Neanderthal DNA with that of moderm-day humans, some researchers still argued that genetic differences may have existed between Neanderthals and Aurignacians.

The most recent DNA study, from the remains of seven Neanderthals and five anatomically modern Aurignacians, shows the Neanderthal specimens were radically different from ancient humans, too.

A compelling argument in favor of interbreeding among the two hominids comes from the discovery of early burial sites.

In Velika Pesanica in Croatia, for instance, skeletons of modern humans have been found alongside much older bone tools, ornaments and artwork, suggesting that earlier Neanderthals had ctrated them.

But Mellers disputes this interpretation. Instead, he thinks the Aurignacians created the tools and artwork.

He sites numerous other recent finds from Bulgaria to the Lebanon, Where Aurignacian skeletons have been dated to 40,000 years ago, about the same time these complex implements were made.

He thinks that as the two species lived side by side across Europe, the last Neanderthals adopted some modern technologies, trading perforated animal teeth as beads, for instance.

But, he adds, "[This] proves they had skills to make these things, but it doesn't prove they meant the same thing to them.

They were not necessarily using beads, for instance, to communicate status [or other information]. It was just copying or imitation.”

Although Neanderthals used black manganese dioxide as body paint, they were unable to produce art or think symbolically.

This might also provide the key to deciphering the most puzzling problem prehistory pose: how the Neanderthals were wiped off the earth, despite being better adapted to Western Europe's harsh climate.

The FOXP2 gene, which made profound changes in the structure of the human brain 200,000 years ago, may have made the crucial difference between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens.

(The gene was identified recently by researchers at Oxford University through studies of a family, almost half of whom were affected with a speech and language disorder.)

Mellars's study won't be the last word on this controversial subject.

But the difficulty of teasing out just how deeply Neanderthals and Aurignacians interacted is a testament to nature's willingmess to experiment.

"We happen to have been the successful model, but in the past nature was experimenting with how to be human," says Prof. Chris Stringer, head of the Department of Human Origins at London's Natural History Museum.

In the end, words apparently won out over weapons.

UNIT 21

Fourteen years after the first major report on global warming, scientists know far more about climate change, but still more remains unexplained. One place to look for answers? In the clouds.

The answers varied so widely as to be nonsensical.

By the time the IPCC issued its 2001 report, the range had been narrowed to seven degree, and now stands at about three (from 1.5 degree Celsius to 4.5 degree Celsius).

The trouble is, this consensus may be false.

Says Bill Collins, an NCAR climate scientist: "Whether or not we're converging on the truth, we don't know."

The more scientists look into the problem, the more they realize how central clouds are to climate change - and how little they understand them.

The dynamics of clouds - how they form and how they dissipate, and what happens in between - may be one of the toughest problems in physics.

Clouds embody the complexities of air turbulence, which to some degree still mystifies engineers, and adds to it: water is changing from vapor to cloud droplets and back again, gathering in and releasing heat all the while.

And then aerosols - particles like soot and dust - interact in complicated ways to change the way clouds behave.

Andrew Heymsifield spends about half his time in his lab at the NCAR, and the other half in the field, observing clouds.

He once spent a summer flying in a NASA airplane less than 50 meters over the Indian Ocean, measuring the amount of water vapor rising above the surface and the air pollution wafting over from the Subcontinent.

Then he'd fly at an altitude of 15 to 20 kilometers, where thunderheads end in thin wisps, and shoot out probes to sample the ice particles.

Heymsfield and his colleagues are trying to bridge the gap between, clouds and the computer models by a kind of brute-force taking of measurements.

“Clouds could end up having a big effect on the climate models,” he says.

The idea is to gather a lot of data in the field, then come back to the lab and tweak the computer models.

What he's found is that aerosols from the smokestacks and tailpipes of southern India are changing the clouds that form over the Indian Ocean - with potentially dire effects on local weather patterns.

When soot particles drift over the ocean, they attract water vapor, which stimulates the formation of clouds.

The increased cloud cover reflects sunlight back up into outer space, cooling the region.

That might seem like a fine thing to happen, except for one drawback: because these soot-induced clouds have smaller droplets than they normally would, they're less apt to produce monsoon rains.

Greater cloud cover and less rain has already had a detrimental impact on Indian agriculture.

And the findings underscore the need to take regional dynamics into account.

Scientists began reporting a few years ago that aerosols cool the atmosphere, but recently there's been equally convincing evidence that they can have the opposite effect.

James Hanson, a climate scientist at NASA's Goddard Space Laboratory in New York, found that soot particles embedded in snow absorb the sun's energy and radiate heat, which may explain why temperatures have risen more at the poles than at the equator.

Other scientists have found that soot in the atmosphere can either absorb heat or reflect sunlight, depending on the shape of the particles.

"If I take a pound of coal," says Collins, "I can't tell you how much soot it will release into the atmosphere without knowing how you're going to burn it.“

Then there's the whole question of how clouds are going to react to atmospheric warming.

Warmer air can absorb more water vapor, a more powerful greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.

Scientists had assumed that higher humidity levels would further warm the climate, but two years ago Bruce Wielicki from NASA's Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia, using satellite data, found that fewer clouds were actually forming over the tropics, and humidity was declining.

Wielicki is still assessing the implications for warming.

Scientists are optimistic that they'll eventually crack the cloud problem, but "it may take seven years," says Collins.

That would be another seven years of political hot air and few facts.

UNIT 23

Five times in 600 million years, most of the creatures of the Earth died off. Now it may be happening again.

Britain's East Midlands were once the picture of English countryside, alive with flocks, shepherds, skylarks and butter-cups - the stuff of fairytales.

In 1941 George Marsh left school at the age of 14 to work as a herdsman in Nottinghamshire, the East Midlands countryside his parents and grandparents farmed.

He recalls skylarks nesting in cereal fields, which when accidentally disturbed would fly singing into the sky.

But in his lifetime, Marsh has seen the color and diversity of his native land fade.

Farmers used to grow about a ton of wheat per acre; now they grow four tons.

Pesticides have killed off the insects upon which skylarks fed, and year-round harvesting has driven the birds from their winter nests.

Skylarks are now rare. "Farmers Kill anything that affects production," says Marsh.

"Agriculture is too efficient."

Anecdotal evidence of a looming crisis in biodiversity is now being reinforced by science.

In their comprehensive surveys of plants, butterflies and birds over the past 20 to 40 years in Britain, ecologists Jeremy Thomas and Carly Stevens found significant population declines in a third of all native species.

Butterflies are the furthest along - 71 percent of Britain's 58 species are shrinking in number, and some, like the large blue and tortoiseshell, are already extinct.

In Britain's grasslands, a key habitat, 20 percent of all animal, plant and insect species are on the path to extinction.

There's hardly a corner of the country's ecology that isn't affected by this downward spiral.

The problem would be bad enough if it were merely local, but it's not: because Britain's temperate ecology is similar to that in so many other parts of the world, it's the best microcosm scientists have been able to study in detail.

Scientists have sounded alarms about species' extinction in the past, but always specific to a particular animal or place - whales in the 1980s or the Amazonian rain forests in the 1990s.

This time, though, the implications are much wider. The Amazon is a "biodiversity hot spot" with a unique ecology.

But in Britain, "the main drivers of change are the same processes responsible for species' declines worldwide," says Thomas.

The findings, published last week in the journal Science, provide the first clear evidence that the world is in the throes of a massive extinction.

Thomas and Stevens argue that we are facing a loss of 65 to 95 percent of the world's species, on the scale of an ice age or the meteorite that may have wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago.

If so, this would be only the sixth time such devastation had occurred in the past 600 million years.

The other five were associated with one-off events like the ice ages, a volcanic eruption or a meteor.

This time, ecosystems are dying a thousand deaths - from overfishing and the razing of the rain forests, but also from advances in agriculture.

The British study, for instance, finds that one of the biggest problems is nitrogen pollution.

Nitrogen is released when fossil fuels burn in cars and power plants - but also when ecologically rich heathlands are plowed and fertilizers are spread.

Nitrogen-rich fertilizers fuel the growth of tall grasses, which in turn overshadow and kill off delicate flowers like harebells and eyebrights.

Even seemingly innocuous practices are responsible for vast ecological damage.

When British farmers stopped feeding horses and cattle with hay and switched to silage, a kind of preserved short grass, they eliminated a favorite nesting spot of corncrakes, birds known for their raspy nightly mating calls; corncrake populations have fallen 76 percent in the past 20 years.

Foresters plant trees as densely as possible to maximize timber output, which shuts out the sunlight that brown fritillary butterflies need; they're now nearly extinct. The depressing list goes on and on.

Many of these practices are being repeated throughout the world, in one form or another, which is why scientists believe that the British study has global implications.

Wildlife is getting blander.

"We don't know which species are essential to the web of life so we're taking a massive risk by eliminating [any of] them," says David Wedin, professor of ecology at the University of Nebraska.

Chances are we'll be seeing the results of this experiment before too long.

Unit 25

Climate change is shifting the reproductive and migratory patterns of birds and other animals.

One afternoon a couple of months ago, Ali Cuthbert was strolling through the grounds of the Royal Botanic Gardens in London when she heard a racket overhead.

She looked up in the towering oak trees and saw a riot of emerald green parakeets.

"I thought I was hallucinating," says Cuthbert, the gardens' public-relations manager.

"They're so strange looking." It was no illusion.

Oxford University researchers now reckon that some 20,000 wild parrots make their home in clammy England - and that their numbers are rising at the clip of 30 percent a year.

Welcome to the British Isles, the newest stop in the tropics.

It's not just England that hasn't been her temperate self lately.

A run of wimpy winters and blazing summers - and plenty of weird weather in between - has remade landscapes across the map, drowning China in Biblical rain, cooking vineyards in Alsace.

The climate shifts are also changing centuries-old migration and breeding patterns: last week a North American purple martin was sighted for the first time in Scotland, thousands of miles off course.

Colonies of stink bugs have chewed their way up from their customarily toasty Mediterranean habitat to London neighborhoods.

The iconic edelweiss, a cold-loving mountain evergreen, has been climbing up the Alps at the rate of one to four meters a decade, driven to higher elevations by warmer climes below.

Stultifying summers could also explain why the only orioles in Baltimore, Maryland, these days are the kind in flannels and cleats.

What in the name of Noah is going on?

Breakneck economic development, population growth and deforestation have for decades wreaked the most havoc on ecosystems.

But now scientists are beginning to think that extreme weather brought on by climate change - things like prolonged droughts, unseasonable rains balmy winters in the temperate zones - are stretching growing seasons, expelling cold-loving plants and animals from their habitats and sending flocks of seabirds off course.

A 0.6 degree Celsius rise in world temperatures over the last century is hardly a killer heat wave, but it's changing subtle temperature cues that regulate plant and animal behavior.

On the northeast coast of Brazil, a rise in air temperature of only a few degrees - to 31 degrees Celsius, on average - has disrupted the breeding patterns of sea turtles.

Above 29.7 degrees, the production of male turtles drops sharply: scientists have recently noticed a preponderance of females.

Melting ice floes in the Antarctic have boosted the populations of chinstrap penguins, which prefer open water, at the expense of their chillier competitors the Adelie, which prefer icepacks.

The thick balsam fir covering Michigan's Isle Royal National Park may look attractive, but in fact it's a sign that the North Atlantic oscillation, a high -to-low pressure system, is off kilter.

In recent years higher-than-normal snowfall has forced gray wolves into larger packs, which in turn have thinned the population of balsam-earing moose.

Change isn't necessarily bad.

Red admiral butterflies, which now survive the milder European winters, are a joyous sight.

(On the other hand, Nezara viridula, the Mediterranean stink bug, is now at home in a warmer England.)

What's more disturbing is the prospect of mass extinction.

Stephen Williams, a tropical ecologist at James Cook University in Australia, found using a computer model that a 3.5 degree rise, which many scientists predict may occur in the next century, could wipe out half the species of the cloud forests of northern Queensland.

Already, marsupials, tree frogs and a host of birds are fleeing ever higher up the mountainside, where the clouds have retreated.

Says Williams: "Soon, there will be nowhere to go."

UNIT 27

For centuries, people have dreamed of harnessing the power of ocean tides. Has a company in Wales made the dream come true?

The water comes in, the water goes out, propelled by the perpetual engine of the sun and moon.

With 70% of the earth's surface covered by the restless tides and currents of the oceans, the idea of harnessing that movement to serve the planet's energy needs is too tempting to ignore.

Since the Middle Ages people have built tidal mills, trapping an incoming tide in a storage pond to turn a wheel as the water ebbs.

But the dream has always been to tap the power of the ocean itself to harness the force of tides mighty enough to erode and shift entire coastlines.

And so later this year a small South Wales company called Tidal Hydraulic Generators (THG) plans to lower a steel frame supporting five 6-m diameter turbines to the floor of the Severn Estuary.

The tubes will translate the power of the tide as it ebbs and flows into one megawatt of electricity, enough to power about 500 homes.

The project will be a test run for much larger rigs, with up to 50 turbines apiece, that could produce enough electricity for a small town.

The inspiration for the turbines came on a calm day in 1997 when Richard Ayre, managing director of THG, was working for the marine national park in St. Bride's Bay, Pembrokeshire.

Trying to place buoys in the water, he realized the current was dragging the boat sideways.

"The energy here is absolutely astronomical," thought Ayre, who started wondering how to generate power from it without damaging the bay's pristine environment.

He came up with the answer a 6-m turbine blade, with a drive/gear system and a generator and tested it on a small, experimental rig in the sea off Milford Haven.

The amount of energy produced by Ayre's test rig so impressed the government that it has promised 2.23 million to fund the construction of the five-turbine unit in the Bristol Channel.

Because water is 800 times more dense than air, tide power is a more productive energy source than wind power, now commonly used throughout the developed world.

Where a wind turbine may be up to 80 m in diameter, a tidal stream turbine need be only 10 m across to produce 50% more energy.

Though the blades turn slowly, just 10 revolutions per minute, the rotation generates a great deal of torque a force that causes an object to rotate.

That is then turned into energy via a hydraulic accumulator, which condenses the power into a motor that drives the generator.

David baird, managing director of Babtie, the engineering group that is working with Ayre, thinks tidal stream power has a big future.

"Twice a day the North Sea drains in and out of the Pentland Firth," he says. "We estimate that using tidal stream generators we could meet all of the renewable energy needs of the U.K.“

The Severn Estuary was chosen to test the new technology because it has the world's highest range between high and low tides, around 12 m, and during the Severn Bore, at the times of the spring and autumn equinoxes, tides of up to 15.4 m rush at 24 km/h up the funnel-shaped channel.

But Ayre stresses that huge tidal flows are not essential to the system.

"We will tailor the units to be site specific," he explains, "So that in areas with lower tidal flow we'd use larger blades and more of them than we'd need in areas with greater flow."

Even with a modest tidal flow, the technology could still be used to desalinate sea water and pump it ashore a self-propelled water purifier.

Babtie has already sent a team of engineers to the Middle East to discuss the possibilities of setting up tide-driven desalination plants.

Ayre is expecting that once the technology is proven, THG could be supervising the construction of rigs to generate "many thousands of megawatts.“

But no one expects the new system to be entirely smooth sailing.

As any boatsman knows, the moment something goes into seawater it starts corroding, and soon becomes covered in barnacles and weed.

The THG engineers are working on several ideas to combat corrosion, including protective coatings and cathodic protection attracting corrosive chemicals to electrically charged plates of a dissimilar metal, known as sacrificial anodes, by running a weak electric current through the framework.

The blades themselves will be cleaned with every rotation, to avoid a build-up of animal and plant life.

Even with its unresolved issues, the system is a huge improvement over past methods of harnessing tidal energy, which aren't cost efficient and are also clumsy they tend to create problems of silting and interfere with shipping and wildlife.

Though tidal stream generation is still in its infancy, Baird estimates that with the coming of commercial-sized installations within the next five years, the cost of producing electricity for the national grid would be about €.05 per kilowatt slightly more than gas or coal at current prices, but about the same as wind power.

Perhaps the tide is finally starting to turn on fossil fuel consumption.

UNIT 29

Disasters often hit the poor the hardest. It doesn't have to be that way.

Though the epicenter of last week's disaster was in the Indian Ocean, the devastating toll was felt worldwide.

European tourists apparently numbering in the thousands were drowned alongside the tens of thousands of victims who lived on the coasts of East Asia, South Asia and Africa.

A world divided by ethnic and religious disputes suddenly faced its common humanity - and common mortality - in a disaster of shocking geographic reach.

At least for the moment, the world has united to aid millions of vulnerable people trying to piece their lives back together in the wake of the devastation.

Yet there is a more subtle message as well in the life-and-death arithmetic of last week's disaster.

Undeniably, most of the people who died - and most who now struggle to survive - are poor.

If the tsunami had hit rich regions instead, the loss of life would have been vastly lower.

While all of us are vulnerable to the furies of nature - earthquakes, droughts, floods, epidemic diseases, blights and pests - these scourges systematically claim the lives of the poor in vastly greater numbers than they do the rich.

Yet therein lies one key answer on how we should proceed in the wake of this disaster.

Consider last fall's devastating hurricanes in the Caribbean and U.S. Southeast.

Haiti lost around 2,000 lives, while the U.S. Southeast, hit roughly as hard in meteorological terms, lost a few dozen lives.

Or consider the worldwide AIDS epidemic, in which the impoverished countries of sub-Saharan Africa, with just 11% of the world's population, have 64% of the cases and 74% of the deaths.

Or consider that both Darfur, Sudan, and the U.S. Southwest are suffering from deep and persistent droughts.

In Sudan, the droughts have led to hunger, disease and bloodshed, while in the U.S. the droughts have led to economic loss but not loss of life.

What the rich world suffers as hardships the poor world often suffers as mass death.

The rich, unlike the poor, can afford to live in fortified structures away from floodplains, riverbanks and hillsides.

The rich, unlike the poor, have early-warning systems - seismic monitors, weather forecasts and disease - surveillance systems.

The rich, unlike the poor, have cars and trucks that enable them to leave on short notice when a physical disaster threatens.

And rich countries, unlike poor ones, can quickly mobilize food, drinking water, backup power generators, doctors and emergency medical supplies in the aftermath of disaster.

If rich countries continue with business as usual, responding generously to the current disaster but failing

to address the dire underlying situation of the world's poor, the world will repeatedly confront the tragic arithmetic of life and death.

This is not merely a sound forecast based on the likelihood of future earthquakes, droughts, floods, landslides and epidemic diseases.

It also reflects the grim fact that life-and-death disasters of the poor are with us every day.

As many as 3 million impoverished children will die this year of malaria, although easy prevention (bed nets to ward off mosquitoes) and treatments (antimalarial drugs) exist to save those children.

Tens of millions of Bangladeshi citizens are being poisoned daily by drinking well water that is laden with natural arsenic, yet the rich world has not seen fit to help resolve this long-recognized crisis.

And the list goes on.

The failure of the U.S. and other countries to respond to such utterly solvable crises results not only in massive unnecessary death but also in a vicious circle of poverty and political instability that often pulls the U.S. directly into the fray.

After the Bush Administration's initial pledges of $15 million and then $35 million for tsunami relief were roundly criticized, the U.S. raised it to a more realistic $350 million.

But at just $1.20 per American, even this increased number should be seen as simply a down payment on aiding the world's poor.

Almost three years ago, the Bush Administration signed a pledge, the Monterrey Consensus, to "make concrete efforts" to provide 0.7% of national income in assistance to the world's poor.

Currently, the U.S. provides less than one-fourth of that pledge, just 0.15% - a mere 15 cents out of every $100 of U.S. income.

If the U.S. raised its level to 70 cents we would save millions of lives and enable many more to escape their poverty and their extreme vulnerability to natural disasters.

Currently, our military spending outpaces our development aid by roughly 30 to 1.

U.S. leadership in another battle, the fight against global poverty, would not only help restore the hope and confidence of a shaken planet but would also do much to promote the U.S.'s own long-term security as well.

UNIT 31 Bridging the gender

Despite slow but significant progress achieved in the 1990s, girls continue to face “Sharp discrimination in access to schooling" in a majority of developing countries, according to a new report from the united nations educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization(UNESCO).

The EFA Global Monitoring Report 2003 was released Nov. 6 in New Delhi.

Gender parity in education remains a distant prospect in 54 countries including 16 countries in sub-Saharan Africa as well as Pakistan and India, says the latest Education For All Global Monitoring Report, the most comprehensive survey of education trends worldwide.

In China, the most populous country in the world, boys will continue to outnumber girls in secondary schools for many years to come.

"While not a complete surprise, these results are obviously a cause for deep concern," says Koichiro Matsuura, Director-General of UNESCO.

"Gender parity in education is a priority not only because inequality is a major infringement of fundamental human rights but because it represents an important obstacle to social and economic development."

Gender equality in education is one of the six goals of the Education for All program endorsed by 164 governments at the World Education Forum, in Dakar, Senegal, in April 2000.

As a first step to achieving equality, they set the target of 2005 to achieve gender parity (equal enrollment of boys and girls) in primary and secondary education.

The report notes that in the decade to 2000, the number of girls in primary school increased faster than that of boys, However, 57 percent of the estimated 104-million primary-age children out of school worldwide are girls.

"Investing in the education of girls has a high pay off," says Christopher Colclough, the director of the Global Monitoring Report.

"Education helps to increase (womens') productivity to a significant extent, thereby adding to household incomes and reducing poverty. It also increases personal and social well-being."

"When parents, in particular mothers, are educated, their children - both boys and girls - will be healthier, better nourished and have a greater chance of going to school and doing well there.

Investing in educating girls now is one of the best ways of ensuring that future generations will be educated."

The need to supplement family income is one of the main reasons why children do not attend classes, says the Report.

According to the most recent estimates "18 percent of children aged 5-14 are economically active, amounting to some 211 million children, about half of whom are girls."

In addition, many more millions of children are involved in domestic labour, sometimes at great cost to their educational participation or success."

A much larger proportion of these children are girls than boys," says Colclough.

Cost, early marriage, HIV/AIDS, conflict, and violence in schools are other barriers to girls' education, according to the report.

Classroom practices can also influence girls' participation rates in education, states the Report, referring to a study of countries

Traditions and cultural values in some societies also limit options for females.

Some observers wonder whether, and how, these traditions might be changed.

The report says that a three-step nights agenda provides a framework for understanding educational points to constraints in family and within society that affect girl' access to education.

Rights within education focus on how school systems take girls' needs into account.

Finally, nights through education examine how girls perform in school and how that achievement translates into equal opportunities in other areas.

The Report stresses that gender parity does not mean gender equality.

It points to those countries, notably in Europe, Latin America and Asia, where, it says, boys' underachievement in the educational arena has not yet resulted in their falling behind in the economic and political spheres.

Women may have to work harder and do better than men, it concludes, "if they are to be successful in competition for jobs, equal pay and decision-making positions."

The Education for All Global Monitoring Report is prepared by an independent international team based at UNESCO Headquarters in Paris.

For further information about this year's report and EFA in general, visit

www.wnesco.org/education/efa

On the other hand

When girls do have the opportunity for education, they appear to thrive.

According to the Progress in Intentional Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS), in all 35 countries surveyed, fourth-grade girls had significantly higher reading achievement than fourth-grade boys.

Furthermore, more girls than boys reported reading stones or novels weekly.

Likewise, a recent report from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) found that teenage girls are better readers than teenage boys throughout the 42 countries surveyed.

For example, 15-year-old American girls scored an average of 518 on OECD's Programme for Intenational Student Assessment (PISA) reading test, while boys scored an average of 490.

This gap of 28 points is close to the worldwide average of 32.

Furthermore, the majority of students worldwide who scored at or below Level I (out of five levels) on PISA's combined reading literacy scale were engagement than males in evenly country surveyed.

The Intenational Reading Association's PISA Task Force, chaired by Renate Valtin, in an appendix to its report on the policy and practice implications of the PISA findings, noted that the "global pattern of female superiority in reading literacy deserves careful analysis.

"The task force discussed three ex- planations that have been offered as having a direct bearing on these findings. Here is a brief synopsis.

Television and other electronic media have promoted stereotypic models of gendered behavior.

Youth who spend many hours with these media are indoctrinated into a kind of gender cult that polices how boys and girls act.

Furthermore, time spent with these media displaces time young people could be spending with traditional print sources.

In the United States and some other countries, most classroom teachers are women, leading to what some have termed a 'feminized" school environment Some suspect that this may affect boys' interest and participation in reading activities.

Many of the texts used in secondary school language arts curricula may not reflect boys needs and interests, leading them to become disengaged as readers.

For further information on these reports, visit the following websites:

http://timss.bc.edu/pirls2001i /PIRLS2001 _ news.html ,

www.pisa.oecd.org , and www.reading.org/advocacy /pisa.pdf.

UNIT 33

Can Roh close the gap between capital and countryside? The feeling of deprivation in regional areas has grown to threaten national unity.

As South Korea's first bullet train sped away from Seoul on a test run last week, the smog and crowds quickly gave way to open field, rice paddies and the deserted streets of small farm towns.

Moving at 300 kilometers an hour, the korea Train Express (KTX) feels like a time machine hurtling into Korea's impoverished past, proof of the fact that South Korea, one of the world's most densely populated countries, is also one of the most imbalanced.

No major capital holds a greater share of its nation's people and industry than Seoul - home to a quarter of the South Korean population - and the main purpose of the KTX is to drain some of that congestion into the countryside.

"The new High-Speed Railway will contribute to balanced regional development," declared Kim Se Ho, head of the Korean National Railroad.

"It will also play a major role in opening the age of regionalization in Korea."

The architect of this new age is President Roh Moo Hyun, who comes from the southeast and is by no means a member of the old Seoul elite.

He won the 2002 presidential vote by promising, among other things, to move the administrative capital from Seoul to the center of the country.

Later this year he will name the location of the new $40 billion capital, which will be built, starting in 2007, on the new train line.

The new capital is generally opposed in Seoul, where people fear a fall in real-estate prices and an exodus of jobs, and supported in the south.

Greater Seoul now accounts for 12 percent of South Korean territory, but nearly half the counrty's economic output.

"People in the provinces have no hopes, while people in Seoul suffer from high costs, congestion and other problems," says Kim Young Jip, spokesman for the Presidential Committee on Balanced National Development.

The problem with the train as a political vehicle is that it runs two ways.

Built over 12 years at a cost of $12 billion and modeled on the TGV of France, the KTX will open for regular traffic in April, and Seoul-Busan travel time will be cut by half, to 2.5 hours.

The grand plan includes branch lines that will cut the maximum travel time between any two stop in South Korea to just three hours and, in theory, unite the often fractious provinces as never before.

What remains unclear is whether the government can ensure that the train will carry development away from the capital, not to it.

No one disputes that South korea is uncomfortably concentrated.

In four decades of breathless postwar development, previous regimes favored the capital and largely ignored the provinces.

Regional universities now face bankruptcy as students flee to Seoul, where more jobs are available.

Firms looking for talent thus also have reason to settle in the capital, leaving only farming jobs in the countryside.

Traffic congestion costs South Korea an estimated $20 billion a year in lost working hours, or 3.7 percent of GDP.

Military brass worry that in the event of conflict with North Korea, some 22 million citizens are within easy range of artillery ranged across the DMZ.

With fewer people and a lot less money, the provinces are deterioration rapidly; rural areas are filled with deserted houses.

The rural population is aging fast as younger people swarm to Seoul.

Theaters, shopping malls and hospitals are hard to find.

While Seoul apartments are now as expensive as those in Tokyo or New York, property prices in the provinces have remained unchanged for a decade.

In effect, there are not just two Korea, but two South Koreas.

"The comparative feeling of deprivation in regional areas has grown to threaten national unity," says Kim of the presidential committee.

The rivalry between Seoul and the provinces goes back to warring medieval kingdoms and still animates Korean politics.

Roh's promise to move the capital was critical to his victory in the 2002 election.

He won the national vote by only two percentage points, largely on the strength of an 11 percent margin of victory in centural Chungchong province, where the new capital will be located.

It is perhaps no accident that the bullet train is due to launch on April 1, two weeks before the next legislative election and at a time when Roh's decentralization plans are gaining speed.

In December, the government passed three legislative bills that will speed up capital relocation and promote provincial schools and industries through tax and other incentives.

The natural drawing power of the capital remains formidable, however.

Skeptics warn that the new bullet train will make it easier for people living within 150km of seoul to pop into the city to visit the theater or the hospital, and could end up further concentrating services in the capital.

Some analysts believe that the train will spread rather than ease congestion, swelling the size of smaller cities between Seoul and the new capital and eventually creating one megalopolis.

"They're a risk that the current round shape of Greater Seoul will become a long oval shape," says Lee Sang Moon, a professor of city planning at Hyupsung University.

This may already be happening.

The governments of cities and provinces surrounding Seoul have plans to build or expand about 20 small cities, threatening to attract more people to Greater Seoul.

These schemes are largely beyond the reach of the central government.

The most ambitious is a $20 billion plan to build a major business hub ("bigger than Boston," promoters say) at Songdo, 30 kilometers west of Seoul, with international convention and trade centers, hotels, hospitals and universities.

Meanwhile, companies are pressuring the government to ease regulations on business activities around the capital.

Samsung, South Korea's largest firm, is pushing for the expansion of a major plant just south of Seoul - a plan that has long been rejected by authorities trying to forestall further economic concentration.

The biggest concern regarding the new capital is that it threatens to complicate an even larger Korean rift: the one between South and North.

Despite ongoing tensions over the North's nuclear program, the South Korean government is still hopeful that reunification can ultimately be managed peacefully.

Critics of the decentralization plan note that Seoul is ideally located between the two Koreas - a potential capital for a reunified peninsula.

There is, of course, a simple way to make the North feel closer to the new capital: extend the bullet train to Pyongyang.

But that's time travel into the future.

UNIT 35

Rome is starting to lose its priceless archeological legacy to neglect, and a lack of attention and funds.

In A.D. 64 Nero built his palatial golden palace, the Domus Aurea, sparing no expense in the most elaborate display of decadence Rome had ever seen.

Frescoes adorned the walls of its 150 rooms, inlaid with precious gems and exotic seachells.

The ceilings were of carved ivory, and guests who attended his orgiastic feasts were showered with rose petals and misted with perfume.

After Nero took his life in 68, Romans pillaged its riches.

The famed Colosseum and the palaces of succeeding emperors arose on its ruins.

But to this day, the remnants of the Domus Aurea have epitomized the excesses - and glories - of the Eternal City.

Lately, they've also come to symbolize the short-comings of modern Rome.

On Dec. 13, the ruins of the Domus Aurea were closed after authorities discovered that a neglected water leak had so undermined the structure's foundation as to endanger the entire edifice.

Italy's Culture minister, Rocco Buttiglione, pointed an accusatory finger.

The Italian government's indifference, he said, is jeopardizing many if not most of the country's archeological treasures.

The chief problem? Money. "Rome is a huge open-air museum," Buttiglione proclaimed.

"We are managing it with reduced personnel and budget constraints, and Italy must decide. Do we want to preserve our immense cultural heritage, or not?“

With so rich an archeological legacy - the underpinnings of Italy's immense tourist industry - cutting budgetary corners on historic preservation might not seem smart.

But over the last five years, Silvio Berlusconi's center-right government has done just that.

Its proposed 2006 budget calls for a 35 percent cut in funding for arts and architectural preservation, from €464 million to €300 million.

The Domus Aurea, likely to be closed for at least two years, is not the only casually.

Rome's archeological superintendent, Angelo Bottini, warns of similar problem at other neglected site.

He points specifically to the Palatine Hill, where a 10-meter chunk of an ancient wall slid down a slope into the Roman Forum last month, as well as to the Baths of Caracalla, where one segment of the ruin is on the verge of collapse.

Emergency repairs to the Domus Aurea are projected to cost €5 million.

But Bottini, who spends his time juggling potential disasters, estimates that he needs an additional €260 million to shore up other sites.

"We don't even know what surprises are next," he adds.

Cleary, Italy's cultural finances are a shambles.

State aid has grown so scanty that many heritage sites must pay for themselves though ticket sales.

The Colosseum and Palatine Hill, among Rome's most popular sites, receive more than 3.5 million visitors a year at an average €8 a ticket.

But last year's €21 million in revenues went almost entirely to paying salaries and utilities, with little left for general maintenance.

The Domus Aurea was Rome's third most-visited paid site last year, receiving 155,000 visitors.

Like it, the Baths of Caracalla, drawing 211,000 visitors a year, may also soon close for safety reasons growing out of an inability to fund repairs.

In desperation, Bottini is urging the Culture Ministry to start collection an entrance fee for free sites like the Roman Forum, which has charged no admission for the past eight years in an effort to open the city's history to those on restricted incomes.

"There's no choice," says Bottini, explaining that without raising visitation charges "we can't afford to keep sites safe.“

Italy's cultural cuts are not restricted to the country's dilapidated archeological monuments.

Increasingly, they are spreading to the performing arts as well.

Italy's 13 opera houses receive far less in government subsidies than in other countries, says Stephane Lissner of La Scala in Milan.

In 2005 La Scala received €46 million; by contrast, the paris Opera got €94 million and Vienna's Staatsoper was granted €51.5 million.

Last month, opera stars Barbara Vignudelli of La Scala and Manola Colangeli from the Teatro dell'Opera in Rome joined a hunger strike by artists protesting the cut.

(Each lost more than 10 pounds, requiring new costumes.)

Directors of the houses sponsored concerts of famous requiems by Mozart and Verdi.

Warns Lissner: " The entire art world in Italy is in danger.“

The government says it has little choice but to stick to its proposed budget.

Berlusconi has to eliminate €16 billion in spending in order to trim the country's deficit from 4.3 percent of GDP in 2005 to 3.8 percent in 2006, still above the 3 percent guideline set by the European Union.

But arts supporters claim the cuts are distributed unfairly.

Otherwise profitable soccer teams and national TV stations(in which the prime minister holds personal stakes) will continue to receive generous subsides under the new budget.

That's especially angered Buttiglione, who threatens to quit if arts aren't made a priority.

"The resources are totally insufficient," he complains.

Berlusconi, meanwhile, dismisses such protests as "absolutely useless - a tired old ritual that will have no impact whatsoever."

How apt. According to legend, Nero fiddled (playing his lyre, actually) as he watched the fire of A.D. 64 that cleared the quarter where he intended to build his Domus Aurea - deaf to the calls of Romans begging him to save the city's treasures.

Who's fiddling now?

UNIT 37

Will EU membership destroy a traditional way of life?

For Szczepan Master, 62, self-sufficiency is the rule on his tiny farm in view of the Tatra mountains of southern Poland.

The makeshift barn attached to his house shelters a few pigs, goats and a cow, as well as chickens and rabbits for the pot.

Guests can expect homemade cheese and butter on the table.

Earning a living requires round-the-clock effort, but his wife and children help with the chores.

"The income isn't big," says Master, "but there's great psychological satisfaction."

These days, though, Master talks of selling his pigs.

Two cows are already gone, and a whole way of life may soon follow.

The reason: Poland's new membership in the European Union.

Suddenly, the pressure is on to adopt the same industrial-scale agriculture that has transformed the country's affluent Western neighbors.

And that, in turn, could signal the gradual disappearance of a centuries-old way of life for tens of thousands of Poland's peasant farmers.

What an irony. Almost alone in Eastern Europe, Poland escaped the huge collectivizations enforced elsewhere under communism.

Instead, land was carved into narrow strips to be shared out among villagers.

Today Poland boasts nearly 2 million farms, averaging just 7.2 hectares each - less than a fifth the size of a typical French or British farm.

Don't look for shiny new tractors and harvesters, either.

Horses often haul Polish plows and carts. And environmentally damaging chemical fertilizers are almost unknown.

To be sure, the EU offers some enticing rewards, not least access to the rich markets of Western Europe and fat agricultural subsidies from Brussels.

Farm incomes should rise 35 percent over the next year, according to government estimates - which explains why most farmers voted to join, says Krzysztof Mularczyk of the Foundation for the Development of Polish Agriculture.

Longer term, however, Poles must learn to compete in the broader European market. EU hygiene standards, previously unknown in Poland, must be complied with.

By some accounts, Poles have already slaughtered thousands of cattle rather than meet EU rules on documentation.

Meanwhile, foreigners, most notably the Danes and Dutch, are lining up to buy cheap Polish farmland.

Aging Polish farmers, who are strapped for cash and whose children are opting for the cities, can be pardoned for selling.

Experts foresee the start of a long process of consolidation.

"If Poland still has 500,000 farms in 20 years," says Mularczyk, "that will be a lot."

That prospect is causing disquiet.

Poland's fast-growing populist party Samoobrona, or Self-Defense, led by fierce Euroskeptic Andrzej Lepper, draws much of its support from Poles alarmed at the pace of change in rural life.

In the past, protests organized by Samoobrona have blocked roads and railways carrying imported German grain.

With unemployment at about 20 percent, many argue, Poland can ill afford the loss of farming jobs.

The loudest complaints come from the country's small but growing eco-lobby.

The introduction of West European farming not only threatens to displace Poland's peasants but could destroy one of the last and largest of Europe's ecologically pristine regions.

Bigger, richer farms will surely mean the wider use of chemicals and other destructive elements of industrial agriculture.

"If the small farms die out, the landscape will be changed completely," says Dorota Metera, who represents the World Conservation Union in Warsaw.

The Polish countryside, she says, has maintained the kind of natural diversity that's been sacrificed to the interests of agribusiness elsewhere in Europe.

Wolves and bears still roam the patch of primeval forest on the country's eastern borders.

Amid the famed Mazurian lakes and elsewhere, farmland is scattered with small ponds and untended fields and forests that offer ideal habitats for a hugely varied range of birds and insects that are vanishing elsewhere.

Understandably, the farmers' first concern is for their livelihoods, rather than the countryside.

Besides, the risks aren't at once apparent, says Pavel Sidlow of the Polish Society for the Protection of Birds: "If you have grown up with such diversity all around you, then you just can't imagine it disappearing."

But the experience of Western Europe should promote caution, conservationists argue.

Since 1980 the number of farm birds in Western Europe has dropped by a third, mostly through the heavy use of chemicals and the draining of ancient wetlands.

Salvation might lie in making a strength of Poland's weakness.

The poverty that prevented the widespread use of chemicals means that, by default, much of the country's produce is organic - a potential boon as demand for untainted food soars across the Continent.

"It's a question of grabbing our opportunity," says Kinga Boenneng of the Heinrich Boll Foundation in Warsaw, which promotes green causes.

The snag could be the farmers' own attitudes.

The experience of communist rule left them leery of the kind of collective activism needed to survive modern agrocapitalism.

.But without it, the EU could well achieve what communism didn't - the end of Poland's land-owning peasantry.

영/한 번역문

UNIT 01

The bicentennial of Hans Christian Andersen's birth brings a spate of new works revealing his darker side.

by Emily Flynn

Once upon a time there was a lonely writer from Copenhagen whose stories were filled with tragedy.

His heroines died or suffered dismemberment, and critics panned his conversational writing style.

Soon, however, sanitized translations of his tales became best-selling children's books in the neighboring lands of Germany and Britain.

The Danish hailed their storyteller as the genius creator of a new literary genre: eventyr, or fairy tales.

But among Copenhagen's 19th-century elite, he was still seen as an outsider - the lowly son of an alcoholic washerwoman.

His love life was tragic: he fell for men and women, artists and the bourgeoisie, but they all rejected him, He died alone in 1875 at the age of 70, a far cry from living happily ever after.

옛날 옛날 아주 먼 옛날 코펜하겐에 한 고독한 작가가 살았다. 그의 작품들은 비극으로 가득했다.

그의 주인공들은 죽거나 사지가 잘리는 고통을 받았고, 비평가들은 그의 대화체 스타일을 혹평했다.

그럼에도 불구하고 그의 동화를 순화시켜 번역한 책들은 이웃인 독일과 영국에서 베스트셀러 아동도서가 되었다.

덴마크 인들은 동화(eventyr, or fairy tales)라는 새로운 문학 장르를 창조한 천재 작가로 부르며 환영했다.

그러나 코펜하겐의 19세기 엘리트 사이에서 그는 여전히 알콜 중독 세탁부의 천한 자식인 외부사람처럼 보였다.

그의 애정사는 비참했다. 그는 남녀, 예술가, 부르주아 계급에게 구애했지만 그들은 모두 그를 거절했다. 그는 ‘그 후로 행복하게 살았다’ 라는 동화 끝 문장과는 달리 1875년 70세의 나이에 혼자 죽었다.

The storyteller was Hans Christian Andersen, and next year is the bicentennial of his birth.

To celebrate, more than 100 new works inspired by Andersen's darker side promise to bring the storyteller out of the Victorian nursery.

The works include books, plays, ballets and operas, and transcend all cultural boundaries.

Chinese director Feng Xiaogang's "Peach Blossom" re-imagines Andersen's doomed love story "Under the Willow Tree" - about childhood sweethearts parted by the demands of adulthood - in a Chinese town during the Cultural Revolution.

The first Arabic translation of Andersen's fairy tales is due out next summer.

And in New York, the Dimpho Di Kopane South African theater group is performing an adaptation of "Snow Queen" (through Nov. 28), whose sadistic lead character forces boys to make puzzles out of ice in her frozen castle.

"Like Andersen's own stories," says Lars Seeberg, director of Denmark's Hans Christian Andersen 2005 Foundation, "not all of it is appropriate for children."

그 작가는 한스 크리스틴 안데르센이었고 내년은 그의 탄생 200주년이다.

축하할 만한 것은, 안데르센의 어두움 측면에서 영감을 받은 100건 이상의 새로운 작업들이 나왔고 그 작품들은 빅토리아 시대의 그의 겉모습을 벗길 수 있는 온상이 될 것이다.

그 작업들은 책, 연극, 발레, 오페라를 포함하여 문학적 영역을 초월한다.

중국 감독 펑 샤오강의 “복사꽃”은 성인기의 요구에 의해서 유년시절에 헤어진 연인에 대한 내용인 안데르센의 불운한 사랑이야기 “버드나무 아래서”를 문화 혁명 당시의 중국 소도시를 배경으로 재구성한 영화이다.

안데르센 동화의 첫 번째 아랍어 판이 내년 여름에 출판될 예정이다.

그리고 남아공 극단 딤포 디 코파네는 뉴욕에서 “눈의 여왕”을 각색한 연극을 공연하고 있다.(11월 28일까지) 거기에서 잔혹한 주역인 눈의 여왕이 그녀의 얼음 성안에서 소년들에게 얼음으로 퍼즐을 하라고 강요한다.

“안데르센의 원작처럼 모든 작품들이 어린이들에게 적합한 것은 아니다.” 라고 한스 크리스틴 안데르센 2005 재단의 이사인 라르스 시베르그는 말했다.

Andersen's fairy tales have undergone puritanical rewrites and shoddy translations - from the 1840s, when translators excised passages they found offensive, to the 1980s happy ending that Disney stuck on "The Little Mermaid."

This year, two new English translations stay true to Andersen's comically morbid prose.

Diana Crone Frank and Jeffrey Frank's "The Stories of Hans Christian Andersen" captures the medieval tone of his early tales.

In "The Tinderbox," the soldier demands that the witch reveal what she's going to do " 'or I'll pull out my sword and cut off your head.' 'I won't,' the witch said. So the soldier chopped off her head, and there she lay."

Tiina Nunnally's new translation goes back to basics, using the shadowy paper-cutout illustrations Andersen favored colorful glossies.

With J. K. Rowling and Lemony Snicket bringing black magic to the top of today's children's literature, the moment seems ripe for a return to the original Andersen.

"We always construct childhood in the way we need it," says Torben Weinreich, professor of children's literature at the University of Copenhagen.

"We used to see children as people who needed protection. These days we have to say children are strong because we leave them by themselves so much ... Andersen was prescient.“

안데르센의 동화는 1840년대 이래로 엄격한 개작과 조잡한 번역으로 왜곡되어왔다. 번역가들은 “인어공주”에 반하여 1980년대 까지 행복한 결말에 거슬리는 구절을 찾아서 삭제했다.

올해 익살맞게 음울한 안데르센의 원작에 충실한 두 개의 새로운 영어 번역본이 출판되었다.

다이애나 크론 프랭크와 제프리 프랭크의 “한스 크리스틴 안데르센의 이야기”는 그의 초기 작품들의 중세풍 분위기를 포착한다.

“부시통”에서 군인은 마녀에게 무엇을 할 예정인지 드러내기를 요구한다. “ ‘그렇지 않으면 나는 칼을 꺼내어 너의 목을 자를 것이다.’ ‘말하지 않을 꺼야,’라고 마녀가 말했다. 그래서 그 군인은 마녀의 목을 잘랐고 그녀의 몸은 나뒹굴었다.”

티이나 너널리의 새로운 번역본은 기본으로 돌아가 컬러 대신 안데르센이 좋아한 종이를 오려 만든 흑백 실루엣 삽화를 이용한다.

더불어 J. K. 롤링과 레모니 스니켓은 흑마술을 가져오기엔 오늘날 아동 문학이 최고에 있는 이 시기가 본래 안데르센으로 돌아오기에 적절하게 보인다.

“우리는 항상 필요한데로 어린이들을 본다,”라고 코펜하겐대의 아동문학 교수인 토르벤 바인라이히가 말했다.

“우리는 어린이들을 보호가 필요한 이들로 보곤했다. 요즘 우리는 어린이들을 강하다고 말해야 한다. 왜냐하면 우리는 너무 많은 것들을 그 들 스스로에게 맡기기 때문이다. 안데르센은 선경지명이 있었다.”

He was also immensely prolific, writing 36 theatrical works, six travel books, six novels, three autobiographies and hundreds of poems.

Today, all but his fairy tales are forgotten.

In his autobiographies, Andersen idealized his rags-to-riches story, casting himself as the triumphant "Ugly Duckling."

Superficially, the parallel held: he left home in Odense when he was 14 and, armed only with the conviction that he was a genius, found his fortune in Copenhagen by singing and making paper cutouts for the city's powerful.

그는 또한 희곡 36편, 여행기 6편, 소설 6편, 자서전 3편 그리고 수 백편의 시를 남겼다.

오늘날 동화 외에는 다 잊혀졌다.

그의 자서전에서 안데르센은 그 자신을 성공한 “미운오리새끼”로 묘사하며 가난뱅이에서 부자가 되는 이야기를 이상화하였다.

표면상으로는 잘 맞아 떨어진다. 그는 14살에 천재라는 신념으로 무장한 채 오덴세의 집을 떠나 코펜하겐에서 도시의 유력인사들에 게 노래와 종이 실루엣 연극으로 자신의 운명을 찾았다.

The new pieces go deeper, arguing that Andersen's biography is better understood through his experiences of unconsummated love.

Kim Brandstrup's ballet “The Anatomy of a Storyteller,” which debuted at London's Royal Opera House earlier this month, makes the unsettling case that those closest to him were the templates for his cruelest creations.

The Snow Queen is Andersen's alcoholic mother the homicidal Shadow is his best friend, Edvard Collin.

Elvis Costello's new three-person opera, opening next spring in Copenhagen, imagines the sweet-singing bird who cannot be caged in Andersen's "The Nightingale" as the stand-in for one of his unrequited loves, the Swedish soprano Jenny Lind.

"I am certain that Andersen never had sex," says biographer Jens Andersen (no relation), whose work "Andersen: A Biography" (due out in English next April) explores the way his stunted sexuality poisoned his tales.

새로운 작품은 더 깊이 들어가는데, 안데르센의 일대기는 사랑을 완성하지 못한 그의 경험을 통해 이해하는 것이 낫다고 주장한다.

런던 로얄 오페라 하우스에서 이번 달 초에 초연했던 김 브랜드스트럽의 발레 작품 “이야기꾼의 분석”은 안데르센과 가까웠던 이들이 가장 잔혹한 인물들의 모델이 되어서 충격적이다.

눈의 여왕은 안데르센의 알콜중독자인 어머니이고, 살인의 그림자는 그의 가장 친한 친구인 에드버드 콜린이다.

코펜하겐에서 내년 봄에 개막되는 엘비스 코스텔로의 새로운 3인조 오페라는 아름다운 소리로 노래하지만 새장 안에 가둘 수 없는 안 데르센의 “나이팅게일”이 그가 짝사랑한 여인인 스웨덴의 소프라노 가수 제니 린드를 상징한다고 한다.

“나는 안데르센이 결코 섹스를 해보지 못했다고 확신한다.” 라고 전기작가 옌스 안데르센(친척 아님)이 말했다. 그의 책 “안데르센 의 전기 ”(내년 4월에 영어판 출간)는 채워지지 않은 성적 욕구가 그의 동화에 끼친 영향을 탐구한다.

Even Andersen's views of death are being revised. More than three quarters of his 156 stories discuss the subject - often triumphantly.

The final lines of "Auntie Toothache," written when he was worried about losing his mind and his creative spark, read: “The brewer is dead, Auntie is dead, the student is dead - the one whose literary sparks went into the rubbish. Everything goes into the rubbish.”

Historically, editors and translators - as well as Andersen himself - edited out this bleak finale.

In their new translations, both the Franks and Nunnally have brought it back.

So much for a fairy-tale ending.

심지어 죽음에 대한 안데르센의 관점도 수정되고 있다. 그의 156편의 작품 중 3/4 이상은 종종 당당한 죽음을 다룬다.

그가 정신이상과 창작력에 대해 고민할 때 “치통 아줌마”의 마지막 대목이 쓰여졌다. “양조자도 죽고, 아줌마도 죽고, 학생도 죽었다. 그 학생의 문학은 쓰레기가 되었다. 모든 것은 쓰레기가 된다.”

안데르센 그 자신처럼 과거의 편집자들, 번역가들은 이 음침한 종국을 삭제하였다.

그러나 프랭크 부부와 너널리는 새 번역에서 그 부분을 되살렸다.

동화의 마지막 치고는 너무 음산한 것 같다.

UNIT 03

A new contender for authorship of Shakespeare's works

By Anne Underwood

For more than 150 years, literary sleuths have questioned whether William Shakespeare-a man with a grammar-school education, at best-could possibly have penned some of the greatest works in the English language.

"You can be born with intelligence, but you can't be born with book learning," says Mark Rylance, Shakespearean actor and artistic director of the Globe Theatre in London.

But if Shakespeare didn't write the plays, who did?

Dozens of candidates have been proposed, most of them men.

But at a conference of the Shakespearean Authorship Trust in London next week, American writer Robin Williams will argue that the true bard was a woman-Mary Sidney Herbert, the Countess of Pembroke.

150년 넘게, 과연 그래머 스쿨 정도의 교육을 받은 셰익스피어가 문학의걸작으로 꼽히는작품들을 직접썼을까하는 의문이 계속 돼 왔다 .

셰익스피어극 배우이자 글로브 시어터 예술 감독인 마크 라일런스는“지능은 타고날 수 있지만, 학식은 타고날 수 없다.”라고 말 했다.

하지만 셰익스피어가 그런 주옥같은 희곡들을 쓰지 않았다면, 누가 썼을까?

수십 명의 후보자가 거론됐고, 대다수가 남자였다.

하지만 최근 런던에서 개최된 셰익스피어 저작 관리위원회 모임에서 미국 작가 로빈 윌리엄스는 진짜 저자가 펨브로크 백작 부인 메리 시드니 허버트라고 주장한다.

Sidney (as her biographers call her) is a logical suspect.

Sister of the Elizabethan poet Sir Philip Sidney, she was a poet herself and one of the best-educated woman in England, along with Elizabeth I.

Perhaps not surprisingly, her name has surfaced before as a possible collaborator on Shakespeare's plays, although never until now as a candidate in her own right.

Scholars are unlikely to be persuaded.

"The very fact that there are so many candidates is almost a proof that none of them is the author," says Stanley Wells, chairman of the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust in Stratford-Upon-Avon.

But that doesn't deter Williams.

"One homicide detective told me, 'You're using the same reasoning we use to track down murderers'," she says.

시드니(그녀의 자서전에서의 그녀의 호칭)는 전형적인 용의자이다.

엘리자베스조 시인 필립 시드니경의 누이인 펨브로크 백작부인은 그녀 자신도 시인이었고 엘리자베스 1세와 함께 영국에서 가장 잘 교육받은 여성 가운데 한명이었다.

아마 놀라울 것 없이 비록 그녀의 권리로 지금까지 후보자로 거론된 적은 없지만 그녀의 이름은 셰익스피어 희곡의 공저자 후보 로 떠오르기도 했다.

학자들은 납득하지 않았다.

그러나 스트랫퍼드 어펀 에이번에 본부를 둔 셰익스피어 출생지 관리 위원회의 스탠리 웰스 회장은“후보자가 그토록 많다는 사 실 자체가 어느 누구도 실제 저자가 아니라는 방증”이라고 말했다.

하지만 윌리엄스는 물러서지 않았다.

“한 살인탐정이 나 보고 ‘살인범을 찾아내는 데 사용하는 것과 똑같은 추리를 사용하고 있다’고 인정했다”고 그녀는 말했다.

In short, Mary Sidney had the motive, means and opportunity to write the plays.

At her home in Wiltshire, she fostered a literary circle whose mission was to elevate English literature-a strong motive.

Gary Waller, a Sidney scholar at Purchase College in New York, has called her salon "a seedbed of literary revolution" and Sidney herself "the first major female literary figure in England."

With her vast library, education and command of foreign languages, Sidney also had the means to create the works.

And with her extensive connections in the literary world, she had opportunity to smuggle the plays to theater companies.

Perhaps it's just coincidence, but the first eight Shakespeare plays were published anonymously-"and three of them," says Williams, "provocatively note on the title page that they were produced by Pembroke's Men, the acting company that Mary Sidney and her husband sponsored."

간단히 말해, 메리 시드니는 그 희곡들을 쓸 동기, 수단, 기회가 있었던 것이다.

그녀는 월트셔의 자택에서 영국 문화 중흥의 사명을 띠고 문학 살롱을 만들었다.

뉴욕 퍼처스 칼리지의 게리 윌러는 그 살롱을 “문학 혁명의 발원지”라고 부르며 시드니를 “영국 최초의 주류 여성 문인”으로 평가 했다.

시드니는 엄청난 양의 장서와 높은 수준의 교육과 외국어 구사 능력으로 그 작품들을 쓸 수단도 가지고 있었다.

그리고 그녀의 문학계 인맥을 통해 그 작품들을 극단으로 넘겨 공연될 수 있도록 할 기회도 가지고 있었다.

어쩌면 우연일지도 모르지만 셰익스피어 희곡의 첫 8편은 익명으로 출간되었는데, 윌리엄스는 “그중 3편은 메리 시드니와 남편 이 후원한 극단 ‘펨브로크스 멘’에 의해 제작됐다고 적혀 있다.”고 지적했다.

Sidney-as-Bard would solve a number of riddles, argues Williams.

It would explain why Shakespeare wrote love sonnets to a younger man. (Sidney had a younger lover, Matthew Lister.)

It could clarify why the first compilation of Shakespeare's plays, the First Folio of 1623, was dedicated to the earls of Pembroke and Montgomery (her sons).

And it would explain Ben Jonson's First Folio eulogy to the "sweet swan of Avon." Sidney had an estate on the River Avon-and her personal symbol was the swan.

"There are swans in the lace collar and cuffs of her last portrait," Williams notes.

시드니를 저자로 본다면 많은 수수께끼가 풀린다고 윌리엄스는 주장한다.

왜 셰익스피어가 사랑의 소네트를 자기보다 젊은 남자를 위해 쓴 이유(시드니에게 여이 있었다.)를 설명할 수 있다.

왜 셰익스피어 희곡의 첫 모음집 ‘퍼스트 폴리오(1623)’가 펨브로크, 몽고메리 백작들에게 헌정된 이유(시드니의 아들들이다.) 가 분명해진다.

그리고 그것은 벤 존슨이 퍼스트 폴리오의 송사를 ‘에이번의 고운 백조’에게 바친 이유 등이 설명된다는 것이다.

“그녀의 마지막 초상화를 보면 레이스 옷깃과 소매에 백조 무늬가 들어 있다.”고 윌리엄스는 설명했다.

Even her dates dovetail with Shakespeare's-which is more than one can say of some of the other candidates.

Edward de Vere, widely regarded as the leading contender, died 12 years before Shakespeare, requiring a revisionist chronology of the plays.

And to embrace Christopher Marlowe, one has to believe that he faked his murder in 1593 and escaped to the European continent.

"But there is growing evidence for this," says Michael Frohnsdorff, head of the Marlowe Society, add-ing that a new commemorative window in Westminster Abbey gives Marlowe's dates as "1564-1593?" Sidney's are more straightforward.

She was born three years before Shakespeare and died five years after.

When she suffered a series of personal losses, the plays turned darker. "It all fits," says Williams.

심지어 그녀의 연대도 다른 후보자들에 보다 더 셰익스피어의 연대와 긴말한 연관이 있다.

라이벌 후보인 에드워드 드 베르는 셰익스피어보다 12년 일찍 사망했고, 희곡의 연표를 개정을 요구하는 시기인

그리고 또다른 후보 크리스토퍼 말로는 1593년 살해됐다.(말로가 죽음을 가장해 유럽대륙으로 탈출했다는 설도 있다.)

“하지만 이러한 증거는 계속해서 나오고 있다.”라고 말로 단체장인 Micahael Frohnsdorff은 말한다. 추가의

그녀는 셰익스피어보다 출생은 3년이 빠르고 사망은 5년이 늦다.

그녀가 개인적으로 힘들었던 시절에는 작품 내용도 어둡다.

“모든 것이 일치한다.”라고 윌리엄스는 말한다.

Case closed? Not yet.

As intriguing as Williams's argument is, her evidence is circumstantial.

Proof, says Sidney biographer Margaret Hannay, "would require things like letters from contemporaries praising 'Mary Sidney's Hamlet'."

Until that proof turns up, scholars will stand by the man from Stratford.

But that won't stop mystery lovers from trying to unseat him. The intrigue could prove as immortal as the works of the Bard-whoever he or she really was.

그렇다면 이것으로 끝난 것인가? 아직 아니다.

윌리엄스가 제시한 것은 정황 증거일 뿐이다.

시드니 전기작가 마거릿 하네는 “동시대 사람들이 ‘메리 시드니의 햄릿’을 칭송한 편지 같은 확실한 증거가 있어야 한다.”고 말했다.

그런 증거가 나올 때까지 셰익스피어가 실제 저자로 간주될 것이다.

하지만 실제가 누군든 그 미스터리 작품만큼이나 영원할 것이다.

UNIT 05

A proud American art form finally gets a prestigious, permanent Manhattan address. It's about time.

by Malcolm jones

Wynton Marsalis is scheduled to do an interview about Frederick P. Rose Hall, Zazz at Lincoln Center's $128 million new permanenthome and performance space.

But the interview can't get started because Marsalis, who has been JLC's artistic director since its founding in 1991, can't stop staring at the temporary stage in the Allen Room, one of Rose Hall's three sumptuous theaters.

The stage that's bugging Marsalis in a modular thing on little aluminum legs.

You can add or subtract pieces from it, and it's obvious that Marsalis would like to subtract.

Ask anyone involved with JLC: Marsalis doesn't like stages, doesn't like being above the audience, likes to perform in the round, and on and on.

There is almost nothing about this place that he hasn't put his stamp on, right down to the freight elevator, which is decorated with a scrap of the score from one of his compositions, "All Rise."

He seems flustered for a second when he can't tell which kind of wood is used in the Allen Room's Floor, but then he looks straight at you and says, "But I know exactly what it cost."

Would JLC even have this new home if it weren't for Masrsalis?

Managing to be both tactful and accurate, he gives a little smile and says, "Eventually."

윈턴 마샬리스는 Zazz at Lincoln Center(JLC)가 1억2천8백만 달러를 들여 신축한 새둥지 Frederick P. Rose Hall에 대해서 인터뷰를 하기도 되어있다.

그러나 1991년 창립 이래로 JLC의 예술감독을 맡아온 마샬리스는 Rose Hall의 화려한 극장 세 개 중에 하나인 Allen Room의 임시무대를 쳐다보느라고 인터뷰는 시작도 못하고 있다.

마샬리스가 못마땅해 하는 그 무대는 작은 알루미늄 기둥의 모듈 방식이다.

하나 더해도 되고 빼도 되는데 마샬리스는 빼고 싶어 하는 것 같다.

JLS의 관계자 누구든 물어보면: 마샬리스는 관개들 위에서 공연하는 무대를 싫어하고, 관객들로 둘러싸인 곳에서 공연하기를 좋아한다는 등등의 말을 한다.

화물 엘리베이터까지 어느 곳 하나 그의 손길이 거치지 않은 곳은 없다. 화물엘리베이터는 그의 자작곡 “All Rise"의 일부 악 보로 장식 되어있다.

그는 앨런룸 바닥에 쓰인 나무의 이름을 대지 못해 잠시 당황하였으나 나를 똑바로 쳐다보면서 말했다. “하지만 돈이 정확이 얼마 들었는지는 안다.”

JLC의 새 둥지에 마샬리스가 없었다면 어땠을까?

어떻게 해서든 재치 있고 용의주도하게 그는 약간에 미소와 함께 말한다. “ 결국”

It's taken long enough already for America's greatest indigenous art form, usually consigned to smoky clubs and raw downtown lofts, to take its place uptown alongside opera, dance and classical music.

As Rafael Vinoly, the project's architect, points out, "This is much more than just a permanent address for jazz. This building is an excuse for something important to happen, for people to realize just how intrinsic to the culture jazz is."

Jazz-record sales may be stagnant, its audience no bigger than that for classical music.

But the JLC staff is determined to use its new home to show New York and the rest of America what it's been missing.

And you will be hard pressed to find anyone in the jazz community, from musicians to club owners to critics, who won't give Marsalis most of the credit for ramrodding JLC's struggle to build its own home.

The jazz composer and clarinetist Don Byron takes it a step further:

"We‘ve got the Philharmonic, the various opera and ballet orchestras, none of whom have even 25 percent African-American participation. And none of them have a music director who's African-American.

In a major city, this is the only legitimate gig that's run by a leader who's black, so how bad is that?"

He pauses. "Now, the fact that it's in the middle of a mall, that's kind of weird."

미국의 가장 위대한 토박이 예술장르에도 불구하고, 통상적으로 담배연기가 자욱한 클럽이나 시내의 낡은 건물에 맡겨졌던 재즈가 오페라, 댄스, 고전무용과 나란히 부촌에 자리 잡고 있다.

이번 공사의 건축사 라파엘 비뇰리는 지적했다. “이것은 재즈의 영원한 보금자리, 그 이상이다. 이 건물을 통해 사람들은 재즈 가 문화에 얼마나 본질적인지를 실감하게 될 것이다.”

재즈음반 판매는 저조하고, 청중은 고전음악보다 많지 않을지도 모른다.

그러나 JLC 직원들은 새 보금자리를 이용하여 뉴욕시와 나머지 미국인들에게 그들이 놓치고 있었던 것이 무엇인지를 보여줄 결 의에 차 있다.

그리고 클럽의 음악인이나 클럽의 소유자들, 비평가들을 막론하고 재즈 음악계에서는 JLC가 새집을 지으려고 애쓸 때 강력히 밀고나간 사람이 마샬리스라는 사실을 부인할 사람은 아무도 없다.

재즈 작곡가이자 클라니넷 연주자 돈 바이론은 한발 더 앞서갔다:

“우리에겐 교향악단이 있고, 수 많은 오페라와 발레 오케스트라가 있지만 흑인의 참여가 25% 라도 되는 곳은 하나도 없다.

그리고 흑인이 지휘자인 곳은 하나도 없다. 대도시에서 흑인에 의해 운영되는 합법적인 재즈 연주회는 이것이 유일하다. 이것보 다 나쁠 수 있을까?”

그는 잠시 말을 멈췄다. “이제서야 쇼핑몰이 가운데로 들어오다니 참 희한한 생각이 든다.”

JLC's Rose Hall is actually several blocks south of Lincoln Center - Which has been running out of space for years - lodged in the new Time Warner Center at New York City's Columbus Circle, cheek to cheek with, yes, an urban mall housing Williams-Sonoma, Borders and assorted high-end restaurants.

The site's developers were required by the city to earmark a portion of the building for public use, but it was the then Mayor Rudolph Giuliani who insisted that the space be given to JLC in 1998.

The new facility has ample classroom space, one of the biggest and best recording studios in the city and the exquisite Ertegun Jazz Hall of Fame, designed by the architect David Rockwell.

And last week the opening-night crowds who came to hear the JLC Orchestra in the Rose Theater, or the JLC Afro-Latin Jazz Orchestra in the Allen Room, or Tony Bennett in Dizzy's club Coca-Cola, heard jazz as it has never been heard before.

JLC의 Rose Hall은 사실 오랫동안 공간부족이었던 링컨 센터로부터 남쪽으로 몇 블록 떨어져 있다. 뉴욕시 콜럼버스 서클에 있 는 뉴타임워너 센터에 들어있으며, 소매상인 윌리엄 소노마, 보더스, 각종 고급 레스토랑이 나란히 서 있다.

현장의개발자들은건물의일부를공공용도로 지정하려고했으나 1998년당시루돌프줄리아니는그공간을 JLC에넘기라고강요 하였다.

새 시설은 내부 공간이 충분했고, 도시에서 가장 크고 훌륭한 녹음 스튜디오와 건축가 데이비드 록웰이 설계한 아름다운 Ertegun Jazz Hall of Fame(에르테건 재즈 명예의 전당)을 갖췄다.

그리고 마지막주의 개막일 밤에 청중은 Rose 극장에서 JLC 오케스트라의 연주를 듣거나, Allen Room에서 아프로-라틴 재즈 오케스트라의 연주를 듣거나, 디지스 클럽 코카-콜라에서 토니 베닛의 노래를 들으며 지금까지 들어보지 못한 재즈를 경험했다.

Even before picking the architects. the Lincoln Center jazz folks hired acousticians.

“This is a project where acoustics is really big deal," says John Storyk, one of the sound experts.

"It's not like the roofing contractor or the elevator consultant. If we said, 'We really need the glass to be this big or to change its shape,' they generally did it."

The acousticians listened hard when Marsalis and other jazz-orchestra members talked about what they liked in various halls around the world.

One member of the sound team even spent his vacation touring with the band to hear what they heard.

As a result, Storyk says, the performance spaces in Rose Hall combine "lots of bits and pieces from all over the place. It's kind of like jazz itself.

And underlying everything is the idea of flexibility.

Every space has to be able to do 10 different things. Like jazz."

심지어 건축가 선정에 앞서 링컨 센터에서는 음향 기술자들을 고용했다.

“이 공사는 음향이 가장 중요하다.”고 음향 전문가 중의 한명인 존 스토릭은 말했다.

“지붕 공사업자나 엘리베이터 컨설턴트들의 일이 아니다. 만약 ‘우리가 이 정도의 큰 유리가 필요하다고 하거나 모양을 바꿔달 라고 하면‘ 그들은 대체로 따랐다.”

음향 기술자들은 마샬리스나 다른 재즈 오케스트라 단원들이 세계를 돌아다니며 본 연주회장 중에서 마음에 드는 것에 대해서 말하면 귀 기울여 들었다.

음향팀의 한 기술자는 심지어 그의 휴식 시간까지 쓰면서 이 악단이 내는 소리를 직접 듣기 위해 다녔다.

그 결과, Rose Hall의 연주공간을 스토릭은 말했다. “곳곳의 여러 가지를 많이 결합했다. 재즈 그 자체와 마찬가지이다.

그리고 모든 것의 기초를 이루는 것은 융통성의 개념이다.

모든 공간은 열 가지의 다른 일을 할 수 있어야 한다. 마치 재즈처럼.”

The acoustic triumph of the whole project is the Allen Room, with that sky-size window.

Glass is an acoustician's nightmare, but by angling the window slightly, the designers pushed the sound up, not back at the audience.

When it hits the ceiling, it meets a grid of spongelike diffusers that spread the music back over the audience with an almost golden quality.

Another big plus is something you'll never see: to keep it free of outside sound or vibration, the Rose Theater floats within the building around it, like a box within a box.

It's connected only at the floor, where it rests on neoprene. As a result, the hall is quieter than most recording studios.

But the best feature of all was a happy accident: only when the room was finished did its designers discover that, thanks to the box-within-a -box design, cell phones don't work there.

전체 공사중에 음향이 잘 된 곳은 거대한 창문이 있는 Allen Room이다.

유리는 음향 기술자들이 싫어하지만 창문을 약간 조절함으로써 소리가 청중을 향해서가 아니라 위로 올라가게 설계했다.

소리가 천장에 닿는 순간, 흐트러뜨리는 스폰지같은 장치를 만나면서 음악이 황금톤으로 바뀌어 청중에서 돌아간다.

또 한 가지 큰 장점은 우리에게 결코 보이지 않는다: 외부 소리나 진동의 영향을 받지 않게 하려고 로즈 극장은 마치 상자 안 의 상자처럼 주변 건물의 안에 떠 있게 되어있다.

오직 바닥만이 연결이 되어있는데, 네오프렌이 떠받친다. 그 결과, 홀은 녹음 스튜디오보다 더 조용하다.

그러나 최고의 장점은 우연히 얻어졌다: 설계자들은 홀 공사가 끝난 뒤에서야 상자 안의 상자 구조 때문에 휴대폰이 작동하지 않는다는 것을 알았다.

Still, why should someone who doesn't live in New York care whether Jazz at Lincoln Center gets its own performance space?

"Because," Marsalis says, "this is the United States of America."

He sweeps his arm to include the room where he stands and the cityscape outside.

"These things stand as a symbol of what we can achieve, and symbols are very, very important. Our goal is to change the cultural paradigm.

We want kids to come here, and when they do, they'll want to come back. And when they come back, they'll bring their parents."

Marsalis singles out the Jazz Hall of Fame, a small room at the heart of the new complex full of interactive exhibits honoring the greats of the music.

The first inductees include Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Billie Holiday and Charlie Parker.

There are no surprises on that first list, but Marsalis points to the necessity of educating even the faithful on the importance of the past.

“I ask my students if they think segregation had an effect on Charlie Parker. They say, 'No, don't think so'.” He looks genuinely pained.

"We don't have to battle for the legitimacy of jazz. That's done. What we have to do is strive to make jazz and its history and legacy available, because jazz is about bringing different things and different people together."

For the first time in history, Rose Hall gives jazz its very own stomping ground to make it happen.

어쨌든, 왜 뉴욕시에 살지 않는 사람들이 JLC가 자체 연구공간을 갖는 것에 대해 관심을 가져야 하나?

“왜냐하면 미국이기 때문이다.”라고 마샬리스가 말했다. (이 나라는 모든 사람이 모인 나라이기 때문이다.)

그는 그가 서있는 방과 바깥 풍경을 포함하기 위해 팔을 휘둘렀다.

“이것들은 우리가 성공할 수 있다는 것의 상징물이며 상징물을 아주 아주 중요하다. 우리의 목표는 문화 패러다임을 바꾸는 것이 다.

우리는 아이를데리고 이곳에 오기를바란다. 그아이들은다시 오고 싶을것이다. 그리고 그 아이들이 다시올때는 부모님과 함 께 올 것이다.”

마샬리스는 Jazz Hall of Fame(재즈 명예의 전당)으로 데려갔다. 작은 방에는 위대한 명인들을 기리는 전시품으로 가득했다.

첫 주인공은 루이 암스트롱, 듀크 엘링턴, 빌리 홀리데이, 찰리 파커이다.

첫 명단에는 놀라울게 없으나 마살리스는 과거의 중요성을 열성팬들에게 가르칠 필요성을 지적했다.

“나는 학생들에게 인종차별이 찰리 파커에게 영향을 미쳤다고 생각하느냐고 물었다. 학생들은 그렇게 생각하지 않는다고 했 다.” 그는 고통스러운 표정을 지었다.

“우리는 재즈의 정통성을 놓고 싸울 필요가 없다. 그건 끝났다. 우리가 할 일은 재즈와 재즈의 역사, 유산을 이용할 수 있게 만 드려고 애쓰는 것이다. 재즈는 다른 것과 다른 사람들을 통합하기 때문이다.”

역사상 최초로 Rose Hall은 재즈가 그 일을 해낼 그들만의 발판을 마련했다.

UNIT 07

How To Age Gracefully

Keep your body running at its best by adjusting tour sports and exercise rutines as the years go by

Wendell Petersen, 61, stopped running long distances after he suffered a herniated disk.

Marti Devore, 53, abandoned stair climbers and treadmills when she aggravated an old hip injury.

Marilyn Franzen, 52. gave up racquetball and triathlons after three knee operations.

As Petersen, Devore, Franzen and any other middle-aged fitness buff can tell you, the older you get, the more you have to deal with creaky and painful joints.

But the benefits of exercise - from lower blood pressure to improved mood - are just too great to pass up.

So most people who want to remain active eventually learn to accommodate their aging bodies by changing sports or exercise routines.

There are, however, a few rules of thumb to keep in mind.

Recent studies have taught exercise physiologist a lot about which combinations of physical activities work best at different ages.

But the same physiologists also warn that you shouldn't get so hung up on the new advice that you abandon your old routines.

"Almost any kind of activity will make you fit," says Herber Lollgen, professor of sports medicine and cardiology at Bochum University in Germany.

"Swimming, hiking, bowling and callisthenics are particularly advisable. But even the smallest units of exercise mount up over the day."

나이를 먹을수록 당신의 스포츠와 일상적인 운동으로 너의 신체 활동량을 유지하라.

61세의 웬델 피터슨은 헤르니아 디스크로 인한 고통이 있은 후 장거리 달리기를 하지 않는다.

53 세의 말티 데보레, 그녀도 고질병인 둔부부위가 악화되면서 계단오르기 운동과 러닝머신을 그만두었다.

52 세의 마피린 프란젠도 세 차례의 무릎수술 후에 라켓볼과 트라이애슬론을 포기했다.

피터슨, 데보레, 프란젠 그리고 중년의 헬스광인 사람들은 당신이 더 나이를 먹을수록 삐걱거리고 아픈 관절을 더 잘 관리해야한다고 말한다.

하지만 저혈압을 보다 향상시킬 수 있는 운동은 하지 않기에는 그 이점이 너무 크다.

그래서 활동적으로 살기를 원하는 많은 사람들은 결국에는 스포츠나 일상적인 운동을 변화시킴으로써 그들의 신체나이에 적응하려한다.

하지만, 명심해야 할 것이 있다.

운동생리학들은 최근 연구에서 연령에 따른 최상의 생리적 활동성에 대해 논하였다.

하지만 그 생리학자들은 당신이 전에 했던 운동을 하지 말라는 것은 아니라고 경고한다.

독일에 있는 Bochum 대학에서 스포츠의학과 심장학과 교수인 하버 롤겐은 “ 대부분의 활동은 당신에게 적합할거다.”

“수영, 하이킹, 볼링 그리고 미용체조는 특히 효과적이다. 하지만 운동의 강도가 가장 강도가 낮은 운동은 하루에 그 이상으로 늘려야 한다.”

Like most experts, Lollgen divides fitness activities into three broad categories.

At the top of the list is cardiovascular exercise - anything that makes the heart beat faster.

"No matter what your age - unless you have a truly unstable condition - getting you several times a week is really important," says Miriam Nelson, an associate professor at the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University in Boston, Massachusetts.

"That trumps everything."

The other two major types of activity - strength training and stability (or balance) exercises -come into greater play as to you get older.

You don't necessarily have to do separate exercises for each category, especially when you're young.

Indeed, some of the best physical routines - like Tai Chi or rock climbing - combine two or more approaches.

But expert to change the mix as you move through the decades of your life.

대부분의 전문가들처럼 롤겐은 적합한 운동부분을 세 개의 카테고리로 나누었다.

그 첫 번째가 심장박동의 빠르기와 관련 있는 심혈관계 운동이다.

그리고 프리어드만 학교의 영양과학과 부교수겸 매사추세츠 주, 보스턴 Tufts 대학의 정치학과 교수인 미리엠 넬슨은 “만약 불안정한 컨디션이 아니라면, 당신은 나이에 상관없이 일주일에 몇 차례 심박수 증가 운동을 하는 것은 매우 중요하다.”고 말한다.

“ ”

스트레칭과 안정성 또는 균형감각 운동이란 두 가지의 주요 운동방법을 통해서는 나이가 들수록 보다 더 큰 효과를 얻을 수 있다.

당신이 젊다면 각각의 유형별로 나누어서 운동할 필요는 없다.

실제, 태권도나 암벽등반과 같이 가장 좋은 신체활동은 두 개 이상을 결합시켜 접근하는 것이다.

하지만 10 년 후에는 그 두 가지 이상의 운동을 바꿔가며 해야 한다.

TWENTIES. At this age, you should regularly be doing some moderate and some vigorous exercise.

Basically, you want to break a sweat at least three times a week for at least 20 to 30 minutes.

Don't slack off the other days of the week.

Go for a walk, climb the stairs - anything to elevate your heart rate a bit.

Plan to do muscle-strengthening exercises at least twice a week.

You can probably get away with fewer exercises that target your trunk muscles or stretch your tendons and ligaments, but avoid the temptation to ignore these altogether.

Your natural sense of balance - which depends on muscles as well as nerves - begins to fade earlier than you might think, at about age 16.

20 대. 이 연령대에서 당신은 규칙적으로 적당하면서도 활동적인 운동을 해야 한다.

근본적으로 당신은 적어도 일주일에 세 번은 20~30 분 땀을 흘려야 한다.

그 주에 어느 날도 느슨해지지 마라.

걷거나 계단을 오는 것은 당신의 심박수를 조금이라도 올려줄 것이다.

적어도 일주일에 두 번은 근육 스트레칭을 해라.

당신은 필시 신경근육을 중심으로 한 약간의 운동이나 건과 인대 스트레칭을 잘 해낼 수도 있지만, 이러한 전반적인 것들을 무시하지는 마라.

16 세 이후로 신경만큼이나 근육에 더 의존적인 당신의 자연스런 균형감각은 당신이 생각하는 것보다 빨리 쇠퇴한다..

THIRTIES AND FORTIES. At this point, you need to start getting more systematic about your physical routine.

Grace and bursts of speed don't come quite as naturally as they once did.

Women in particular need to focus on strength training - two to three times a week - in order to build muscle mass and preserve bone, which otherwise begins to get thinner.

Make aerobic activity a daily routine, and if you haven't already, be sure to include stretching, flexibility and balance exercises in your regimen.

This is the time when many runners, soccer players and racquetball enthusiasts start the switch to biking, rowing, figure skating or cross-country skiing.

30대와 40대. 이 시기에 당신은 당신의 신체활동에 대해 보다 계획적으로 시작해야 할 필요가 있다.

스피드 조절은 예전에 자연스럽게 했던 것처럼 하지 마라.

특히 여성은 힘 강화 운동을 일주일에 2~3 차례를 해야 하는데, 이것은 근육을 형성하고 뼈를 보호하기 위해서이고, 만약 이런 운동을 하지 않는다면 이것들은 얇아지기 시작한다.

매일 유산소 운동을 하는데, 만약 준비가 되지 않았다면 반드시 스트레칭, 유연성과 균형 감각 운동을 해라.

이 시기에 많은 달리기 선수들, 축구 선수 그리고 라켓볼 광팬들은 자전거, 조정, 피겨스케이팅 또는 크로스컨트리스 스케이팅의 운동으로 바꾸기 시작한다.

FIFTIES AND SIXTIES. What you do now starts to depend more on your risk factors.

Cardiovascular disease is still the biggest threat so keep that heart rate up.

Maintaining your weight takes more work.

"It becomes more important to do exercises that address your strength and flexibility and balance as well as cardiovascular [requirements]," says Roseann Lyle, a professor of health promotion at Purdue University.

She is particularly fond of resistance bands and stability balls.

50 대와 60 대. 당신은 지금 당신의 위험 요소를 보다 더 고려하여 시작해야한다.

심장혈관질병은 심박수 상승 계속 유지하기 때문에 여전히 가장 위협적이다.

당신의 체중 유지에 보다 더 노력하라.

퍼듀 대학의 건강증진학과 교수인 Roseann Lyle 는“당신의 힘과 유연성 그리고 균형에 초점을 맞춘 운동을 하는 것은 심혈관계 운동만큼이나 중요하다.”라고 말한다.

그녀는 특히 저항 밴드(고무줄)과 안정성 볼을 좋아한다.

SEVENTIES AND BEYOND. "The 70s are different than they used to be," says Nelson.

"There is no reason not to do aerobics or strength training [at that age]."

The greatest benefit often occurs in those who are frail (see box) or suffer from such conditions as emphysema, heart disease, diabetes, osteoporosis, high blood pressure and arthritis.

As you might expect, flexibility and balance training are more important than ever.

And it appears that seniors are starting to heed the advice they're getting to keep moving.

According to surveys conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the number of sedentary men age 70 and older has dropped over the past 15 years from 40% to 30%, while the number of sedentary women 70 years and older has fallen from nearly 50% to 40%.

70 대 그리고 그 후. “70 대에는 그전에 했던 운동과는 다르다.”고 넬슨이 말한다.

“그 나이에도 유산소 운동이나 근육 운동을 하지 않을 이유는 없다.”

기종, 심장질환, 당뇨병, 골다공증, 고혈압과 관절염으로 고통을 받거나 빈약한 사람들은 종종 큰 효과를 얻는다.

당신이 기대 해도 좋을 만큼, 유연성과 균형감각 운동은 이제까지 보다 더 중요하다.

그리고 노인들은 계속 움직이라는 충고에 주의하면서 시작하는 것이라고 생각이 든다.

질병통제 및 방어센터 조사에 따르면, 앉아서 일하는 70 대와 노인 남성들은 지난 15 년 보다 40%에서 30%로 감소하고 반면에 앉아서 일하는 70 대 노인 여성들은 거의 50%에서 40%로 떨어졌다고 한다.

Whatever your age, spice up your routines with variety, both to keep from getting boredom and to avoid injury.

"The effects of physical exercise on mortality and morbidity, even in old age, can be compared to expensive medication," says Lollgen.

"But what's even more important is preserving independence and quality of life," Change sports with the seasons - and make room for other goals.

“When I turned 50, I made a list of 50 things that I wanted to accomplish,” says Franzen, the former triathlete, who now plays ice hockey.

"There were some sports things, like rowing and trying to snowboard.

But there were other things, like learning to play drums and travel.

I exercise much less than I used to, and I'm still in great health, so I have no complaints.”

That's a goal to which we can all aspire.

당신의 나이가 어떻든지 (지루함을 유지하거나 상해를 피하는) 다양한 당신의 일상에 흥취를 더해라.

"언젠간 죽을 수밖에 없고 병에 의한 사망, 심지어 늙은 나이에서 신체적 운동의 효과는 비싼 의약품과 견주어질 수 있다. "라고 롤젠은 말한다.

“하지만 보다 더 중요한 것은 독립적이고 질적인 삶을 보존하는 것과 계절마다 운동을 달리하고 또 다른 목표를 채워나가는 것이다.”

“내가 50 대로 돌아간다면 내가 이루고 싶은 50 가지의 목록을 작성할 것이다.”라고 전 철인 3 종 경기 선수이자 현재 아이스하키 선수인 프란젠은 말한다.

“조정과 스노우보드와 같은 몇 가지 스포츠가 있다

하지만, 드럼을 배우거나 여행과 같은 것도 있다.

나는 내가 했던 운동보다 더 많이 연습하고 나는 여전히 건강하다, 그리고 나는 불평이 없다.

그것은 우리가 열망할 수 있는 목표이다.

UNIT 09

Steeped In Health

Sit down, put on a pot, and chalk up another entry in the list of ways that tea drinking may be good for you.

Researchers at the Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston have found new evidence that ordinary tea may prime the immune system to fend off attacks from bacteria and other pathogens.

"This is the first report of tea affecting the immune system," says Dr. Jack Bukowski, a rheumatologist and co-author of the study.

But it's hardly the first health benefit attributed to tea.

Over the years, credible claims have been made that tea may help protect against various forms of cancer, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease and rheumatoid arthritis.

앉아서, 주전자에 물을 올려놓고, 당신의 건강에 좋은 차 마시는 방법 목록에 또 다른 내용을 기록해라.

보스톤에 브리함과 여성병원 조사자들은 전통차가 박테리아나 또 다른 병원균으로부터의 공격 을 저항하는 면역 시스템에 주요한 작용을 한다는 새로운 증거를 발견했다.

“이것은 차의 면역 시스템에 대한 첫 보고서이다.”라고 류마티스 학자이며 이번 연구의 공동저 자인 닥터 잭 부코위스키는 말한다.

하지만, 건강해지는 것을 차 때문이라고 하기에는 어렵다.

수년 동안, 믿을만한 주장은 차가 아마도 암, 심혈관계 질병, 알츠하이머, 파킨슨병과 류마티스 의 다양한 형태로부터 보호받도록 도울 것이라는 것이다.

The Brigham and Women's study looked at the effects of black tea (for the record, it was Lipton) on 11 healthy non - tea drinkers and compared them with 10 healthy people who began drinking coffee.

The researchers found that drinking 600㎖ of tea every day for at least two weeks doubled or tripled the immune system's output of an infection-fighting substance called interferon gamma.

The coffee drinkers, by contrast, registered no difference in interferon-gamma production.

Apparently the body metabolizes the tea into molecules that mimic the surface proteins of bacteria, jump-starting the immune system so that when real bugs show up, they can more easily be dispatched.

브리함과 여성학에서는 차를 마시지 않는 11명의 건강한 사람에게 홍차를 주어 커피를 마시던 10명의 건강한 사람들과 그 효과를 비교 관찰하였다.

조사자들은 2주간 매일 적어도 600ml씩 차를 마셨던 사람들은 감염원과 싸우는 물질인 인터 페론 감마라는 물질의 생산이 2~3배 더 많다는 것을 발견했다.

이와 대조적으로 커피를 마신 사람들은 인터페론 감마의 생산의 별 차이가 없었다.

분명한 것은 우리 인체는 차를 박테리아의 표면 단백질과 유사한 분자로 신진대사 하여, 면역 시스템을 가동시키고, 이는 실제 병균들이 들어오면 보다 쉽게 처리할 수 있게 한다.

Before you rush out to stock up on tea bags, however, there are a few things you need to know.

The evidence of tea's benefits is still contradictory.

A few large epidemiological studies support the health claims, but others do not.

Smaller experiments, like the Brigham and Women's study, can only hint at theoretical benefits.

They don't prove anything.

Even if tea does turn out to be some kind of general immune-system booster, the effect can't be that strong.

After all, there are millions of tea drinkers in China, and yet diseases like SARS somehow manage to take hold and spread.

하지만, 당신이 티백을 다량으로 구하기 전에 몇 가지 사실을 알 필요가 있다.

차의 이점에 대한 증거는 여전히 반론이 제기된다.

몇몇 건강에 관한 큰 규모의 역학 연구에서는 그런 주장을 했지만, 다른 연구에서는 그렇지 않았다.

브리함과 여성학과 같은 소규모의 실험에서 오직 이론적인 이점이 있다는 암시만 할 수 있다.

그들은 아무것도 증명하지 못했다.

심지어 만약 차가 몇몇의 일반적인 면역 시스템 촉진제로 생산된다 하더라도 그 영향은 강할 수 없다.

즉, 수백만 명이 차를 마시는 중국에는 아직도 사스와 같은 질병들이 발생하고 퍼지고 있다.

Finally, a word about the different types of tea.

There is only one true tea plant, Camellia sinensis. (Herbal teas are made from other plants.)

The main varieties - black, green and oolong - reflect different processing techniques.

If tea is in fact an immune booster, you would expect all three varieties to be equally effective since they are all broken down by the body into molecules that mimic bacterial proteins.

There are differences, however, in the types and amounts of disease-preventing antioxidants various teas contain.

Green tea has more of the chemically simpler antioxidants called catechins, whereas black tea contains more complex antioxidants called theaflavins and thearubigins.

Chemically, oolong tea is a bit of a mix of the other two.

Doctors still don't know whether one type of tea is better for some conditions than others.

It's possible that they all take the body to the same place but by different routes.

마지막으로, 차의 종류에 대해 말하겠다.

Camellia sinensis 라는 오직 순수한 차 식물이 있다. (허브는 또 다른 식물로 만들어진다.)

차에는 주로 홍차, 녹차와 우롱차가 있는데 다른 과정을 통해 만들어진다.

만약 차가 사실상 면역 촉진제라면, 당신은 세 가지 타입의 차들이 인체 안에 박테리아 표면 단백질과 유사한 형태 변해 병원성 미생물을 모두 제거하기 때문에 같은 효과를 가질 거라 기대 할 것이다.

하지만, 차의 종류에 따라 차 안에 포함된 질병을 예방하는 항산화 물의 종류와 양이 다르다.

녹차는 카테킨이라 불리는 화학적으로 간단한 항산화 물질을 가지고 있으며, 반면에 홍차는 테아플라빈과 테아루비진이라 불리는 보다 복잡한 구조의 항산화 물질을 포함하고 있다.

화학적으로, 우롱차는 그 다른 두 가지 물질이 조금씩 있다.

의사들은 여전히 어떤 종류의 차가 더 좋은 것인지 알지 못한다.

차는 서로 다른 경로이지만, 인체의 같은 장소로 가는 것이 가능하다.

As always, use a little common sense. Tea is first and foremost one of life's simple pleasures.

If you enjoy it, by all means, go ahead and drink it.

But don't expect it to make up for bad habits, like smoking, or for bad luck, like whatever genetic shortcomings you were born with.

여느 때처럼 몇 가지 상식을 이용해라. 차는 우선 당신의 삶에 으뜸인 소박한 즐거움을 준다.

만약 당신이 차를 즐긴다면, 앞으로도 계속 차를 마셔라.

하지만, 담배를 피우는 나쁜 습관이나 선천척인 당신의 유전적 결함 같은 것을 보상해줄 것이 라 기대하지는 마라.

UNIT 11

Good deeds on the cutting edge

At a recording studio in Tokyo's forever-young Shibuya district, Ryuichi Sakamoto pushes up the sleeves of his rust-color sweater and leans back in his chair.

Looking relaxed, the 51-year-old composer, keyboardist and singer is happy to talk about some of the musical projects he has in the works.

But what really captivates him at the moment is an environmental organization he's just founded called Artists' Power.

Although still in its planning stages, Sakamoto hopes the collection of artists, writers and musicians he is assembling will soon become a powerful advocate for renewable-energy sources such as windmills and solar power.

"Our reliance on fossil fuels is causing a whole world of problems," he says.

"We need to find alternatives."

도쿄의 영원한 젊음 시부야 지역에 한 녹음실에서 리우이치 사카모토는 녹색 스웨터 소맷자락 을 걷어 올리고 의자에 상체를 뒤로 젖히고 있다.

편안해 보이는 51세의 작곡자이자 키보드리스트 겸 가수는 그가 작업하고 있는 음악 프로젝트 에 대해 얘기하는 것이 행복하다.

하지만 현재는 정말 그를 사로잡은 것은 그가 설립한 artist's power라는 환경단체이다.

비록 여전히 계획 수준이지만, 사카모토는 많은 예술가, 작가 그리고 음악가들을 참여시키길 바라고 있으며 풍력이나 태양열과 같은 대체 에너지원을 옹호하는 세력가들 될 것이다.

“우리가 믿는 화석연료는 전 세계적인 문제의 원인입니다. 라고 그는 말한다.

“우리는 대체물질을 찾아야 합니다.”

Sakamoto's burgeoning activism is a new chapter in an already illustrious musical career.

An electronic-music pioneer and movie-soundtrack composer (he won an Oscar for The Last Emperor), Sakamoto has long been an oxymoron: a careerist who lives on the cutting edge.

But he has recently expanded his portfolio to include antiwar and environmental causes, both in the studio and outside of it.

사카모토의 급성장한 행동주의는 그의 빛나는 음악적 경력에 새로운 경력이다.

일렉트로닉 음악 개척자 그리고 영화 음악의 작곡자(그는 마지막 황제란 영화로 오스카상을 받았다. )인 사카모토는 오랫동안 모순을 가지고 있었다: 앞장 선 삶을 산 사회에 인정을 받은 출 세자로

하지만 그는 최근에 전쟁반대, 환경적 물질을 포함시켜 스튜디어 안과 밖으로 그의 포트폴리 오를 확장시키고 있다.

His interest was piqued a few years ago by a chance viewing of a TV documentary about land mines.

Horrified by the carnage inflicted on innocent civilians, he teamed up with David Sylvian, Ryu Murakami, Kraftwerk and Brian Eno, among others, to produce a single called Zero Landmine, which has raised millions of dollars for mine-removal efforts worldwide.

For many of his devotees, Sakamoto's new social voice was an unexpected but appreciated wake-up call.

"It made me realize what's going on in other parts of the world," says Kazushi Inagaki, a 34-year-old fan in Shizuoka.

그의 관심은 몇 년 전 지뢰 투하 폭탄에 관한 tv 다큐를 우연히 보고 언짢아졌었다.

죄 없는 시민들의 대학살 공포를, 그는 데이빗 실비앙, 리우 무라카미, 크라프트웰크 그리고 브레안 에노, 그 밖에 사람들과 한 팀을 이뤄 zero landmine이라 불리는 곡을 만들었고, 이는 전세계적인 지뢰 제거 노력을 위해 수백만 달러 기금을 조성했다.

그의 수많은 팬들에게는 사카모토의 새로운 사회적 목소리는 뜻밖이었지만, 올바른 인식의 깨 우침의 소리였다.

“그것은 전 세계의 또 다른 분야에서 무엇을 할지를 인식시켰다.” 라고 시즈오카에 사는 34세 의 팬 카주치 이나가키는 말한다.

In recent months Sakamoto has also become a vocal critic of the conflict in the Gulf, speaking against the military campaign in newspaper interviews and promoting (via mass e-mail) a widely acclaimed Japanese antiwar book called On a Small Bridge in Iraq.

최근 한달동안 사카모토는 걸프전에 대한 비판의 소리를 했고, 한 신문 인터뷰에서는 군 캠페 인에 반대의 목소리와 폭넓게 호평 받은 전쟁 반대 서적 On a Small Bridge in Iraq이란 책을 출간 하게 된다.

Though he hesitates to call himself an activist, that's clearly what he is becoming.

Spend just a little time with him and you recognize he has the necessary ingredients: hefty amounts of outrage leavened with even greater doses of idealism.

"You know what I'd love to do?" he asks, sliding forward in his chair in that studio in Tokyo, returning to his vision for a world less dependent on oil.

"I'd love to play a concert among a sea of windmills which are powering the concert itself. That," he says, grinning broadly, "would be beautiful."

비록 그는 그 스스로 행동주의자라고 부르는데 망설이지만 분명한 것은 그는 그렇게 되고 있다는 것이다.

그와 보낸 몇 시간을 통해 당신은 그가 필요한 존재임을 인식했다:

“ 당신은 내가 무엇을 사랑하는지 아시나요?”기름에 덜 의존하는 세계를 위한 그의 시선을 돌린 그는 도쿄 스튜디오 그의 의자에서 앞으로 미끄러지며 묻는다.

“나는 그 자체로 아름다운 음악을 만드는 바닷가의 바람 속에서 콘서트를 여는 것을 좋아한다. 그것은 너무 아름답다.” 라고 웃으며 말한다.

UNIT 13

It's Raining Sardines

It's an old story: boy meets girl, girl turns out to be his mother, boy kills father.

Sophocles told it 2,400 years ago, as have many authors since.

But few have tackled the Oedipal tale with as much wit, verve and retail success as Japan's Haruki Murakami has in Kafka on the Shore.

The book sold 550,000 copies in its first month on his home soil in 2002, inspiring a sequel comprised of selections from the 8,870 e-mail critiques Murakami received and his 1,220 replies.

Kafka has become a best seller in Germany, South Korea and China, and now promises to gain a large new audience with the release of the English version in the U.S. and the U.K.

이것은 오래된 이야기이다: 소년은 소녀를 만나고, 소녀는 결국 그의 어머니임이 밝혀지고, 소년은 아버지를 죽인다.

2400년 전에 소포클레스는 이러한 이야기를 했고 그 이후에 많은 작가들도 이를 작품으로 쓴다.

하지만 몇몇 사람들은 오이디푸스 이야기에 관한한 하루키 무라카미의 해변의 카프카라에서 만큼 더 많은 위트와 활기 그리고 자세히 기술하는데 성공하였는지에 대한 논쟁을 벌인다.

그 책은 2002년 그의 고향에서 첫 달에 55만권이 팔렸고, 그는 8870개의 비평 메일과 1229개 의 답메일에서 발췌한 것을 포함시켜 후속편에 대한 영감을 주었다.

카프카는 독일, 한국 그리고 중국에서 베스트셀러가 되었고, 지금은 많은 새로운 독자를 얻기 위해 영국이나 미국에 영문판으로 출간될 것으로 기대한다.

The novel, Murakami's 10th and his first big one since The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle in 1997, features a 15-year-old boy who runs away from his Tokyo home shortly before his father's body is discovered in a pool of bloodand heads for distant Takamatsu.

There he meets a mysterious librarian, who may or may not be his long-lost mother, and a sexy hairdresser, who may or may not be his vanished elder sister.

Filling out the cast is an old man who lost his memory in an apparent UFO encounter but gained the power to converse with cats.

Also present is Johnnie Walker (of whisky fame, in tails and top hat), who kills felines to make flutes from their souls, and Colonel Sanders (the fried-chicken guy, in white suit and string tie), who moonlights as a back-alley pimp and supernatural fixer.

1997년 태엽감는 새 이후로 무라카미의 10번째이자 첫 번째 히트작인 그 소설에서는 아버지 가 피바다 속에서 발견되기 전에 그의 도쿄 집에서 도망쳐 나와 멀리 타카마츠로 향하는 15살 소 년을 주인공으로 하고 있다.

거기서 그는 그가 오래전에 잃었던 엄마일지도 모르는 신비로운 사서와 그의 사라져버린 여동 생인 매력적인 미용사를 만난다.

남은 배역으로는 ufo와의 조우로 인해 기억은 잃지만 고양이와 대화할 수 있는 능력을 얻게 된 노인이 등장한다.

또한 고양이를 죽여 그의 영혼으로 플루트를 만들려는 위스키로 유명한 연미복과 모자를 쓴 조니 위커와 달밤엔 빈민가의 포주로 초자연적인 조정자인 후라이드 치킨 사내이자 흰 옷에 줄무 늬 타이를 맨 코넬 샌더스가 등장 한다.

Fans of Murakami will find none of this unusual.

Since Norwegian Wood, his 1989 tale of nostalgia and loss (4.5 million copies and counting), the former Tokyo jazz-club owner, now 56, has gained worldwide fame for his coolly narrated stories of odd disappearances, bizarre quests, disaffected youth and a Japan struggling with its wartime past.

He is also noted for his nonfiction books about the 1995 Kobe earthquake and Tokyo subway gas attack, as well as his translations of works by American masters, from F. Scott Fitzgerald to Raymond Carver.

So vast is Murakami's fame that nearly as many books have been written about him as by him.

A Taiwan newspaper has even suggested that his visage may one day grace a Japanese banknote, as does that of Meiji-era novelist Soseki Natsume, a Murakami influence.

Others he admires, Murakami has admitted, include Fitzgerald, Carver, David Foster Wallace and Tim O'Brien, all of them Americans.

Indeed, Murakami's fondness for U.S. pop-cultural references has moved local critics to complain that he worships the West at the expense of things Japanese.

무라카미의 팬들은 이것이 이상하다 느끼지 않을 것이다.

향수와 상실에 대한 이야기인 1989년 작은 노르웨이 숲(45 백 만 부가 판매)이후로 현재 56세 로 전 도쿄 재즈 클럽 주인인 그는 이상한 실종, 기괴한 여행, 불평 많은 청년 그리고 과거 전시 의 일본의 몸부림의 이야기를 침착하게 이야기함으로써 세계적인 명성을 얻는다.

그는 또한 1995년 코베 지진과 도쿄 지하철 가스 폭발 때 f.스캇 피츠제랄드에서 레이몬드 카 버에 이르기까지 미국 거장들의 작품을 번역했을 뿐만 아니라 논픽션 책을 위한 원고를 쓰기도 했다.

정말 대단한 것은 그의 명성으로 그에 의해 쓰여 진 것 작품만큼 그에 대한 작품도 많다는 것이다.

한 대만 신문에서는 심지어 무라카미에게 영향을 준 메이지 시대의 소설가 소세키 나츠미처럼 그도 언젠가는 그의 얼굴이 일본 지폐를 명예롭게 하는 날이 올 거라 암시했다.

무라카미가 공인한 그가 존경하는 사람에는 피츠게랄드, 카버, 데이비드 포스터 왈라스 그리고 팀 오브리언을 포함한 모두 미국인들이다.

실제, 미국 대중문화 문헌을 좋아하는 무라카미는 편협한 비판에서

Guilty, with an explanation.

As Kafka demonstrates, Murakami's Japan is a land of truck stops, rock music, Ray-Bans, Hollywood movies and workouts at the gym.

But for his youngish, hip, history-oblivious fans, this is Japan.

More than previous Murakami novels, Kafka embraces nearly the entire Western canon, with learned digressions on Beethoven, Schubert, Chekhov, T.S. Eliot and pantheons of ancient Greeks.

It's an education in a box, much like the small but mysteriously well-stocked Takamatsu library where Murakami's young Oedipus finds a job as live-in caretaker.

설명할 수 있는 유죄.

카프카에서 보여주듯이, 무라카미의 일본은 트럭 정류장, 락 음악, 레이밴, 헐리우드 영화들 그리고 체육관에서 운동을 하는 그런 나라이다.

하지만 그의 젊음, 실패, 그의 역사에는 관심도 없는 팬, 이것이 일본이다.

무라카미의 이전 소설에서보다 카프카에서는 베토벤, 슈베르트, 체코프 , T.S 엘리엇과 고대 그리스 신들 학문적 여담을 포함한 서양의 규범 전체를 담는다.

그것은 무라카의 젊은 오이디푸스가 관리인으로써의 직업을 찾은, 굉장히 작은 것 같지만 신비스럽게도 보존이 잘 된 타카마츠의 도서관 안에서의 교육이다.

He is no ordinary 15-year-old.

As well-read as a professor and alienated as Holden Caulfield (Murakami was translating J.D. Salinger's Catcher in the Rye as he wrote the novel), the boy calls himself Kafka Tamura, though you never learn his real name.

He left home because his sculptor father was a sadistic beast who drove wife and daughter to decamp years earlier and who cruelly tells the boy that he will someday kill Dad and have sex with Mom and Sis.

Determined to be "the toughest 15-year-old in the world," Kafka flees the prophesy, only to collide with it at Takamatsu.

Complications ensue, as do very realistic wet dreams involving both the librarian and the hairdresser.

But are they dreams? And did he really kill his father?

Typically, Murakami leaves strands untied, though a shaken but wiser Kafka returns home to be "part of a brand-new world."

그는 평범한 15살 소년이 아니다.

교수처럼 박식하고 콜필드 콤플렉스를 멀리한 소년의 실제 이름은 알수 없지만, 그는 그 스스 로 다무라 카프마라고 불렀다. (무라카미는 이 소설을 쓸 동안 J.D Salinger의 호밀밭 파수꾼이란 책을 번역했다.)

그의 조각가인 아버지는 자신의 아내와 딸을 도망가게 했고, 어느 날 잔인하게 그의 아버지를 죽이고 어머니, 여동생과 성관계를 가지게 될 것이라는 말을 하는 가학적인 짐승이었기 때문에 그는 집에서 떠났다.

“세상에서 가장 거센 15살이 되자”라는 결심을 하고 카프카는 예언에서 도망가지만, 타카마츠 에서 예언과 맞닥뜨리다.

사서와 미용사가 등장하는 정말 현실적인 몽정을 꾸면서부터 복잡한 문제가 뒤이어 일어난다.

하지만 그것들은 꿈일까? 정말 그는 그의 아버지를 죽이는가?

전형적으로 무라카미는 제한적이지 않은 구성으로 두었으며, 비록 고뇌했지만 현명한 카프카는 “아주 새로운 세계의 일부 ”가 되기 위해 집으로 돌아온다.

Kafka lacks the narrative consistency of Norwegian Wood and the noirish menace of his 1989

classic A Wild Sheep Chase.

But what a tale! You never know when the cats will talk, the sky will rain sardines or yet another show-stopping character will step forward.

In a Web poll of Japanese readers, most respondents said that if Kafka were dramatized, they would want to play Oshima, the librarian's impressively literate, transsexual assistant.

Others preferred Hoshino, the earthy truck driver who helps the cat-talking old man in his quest to find a magic stone that can free the boy from his curse.

Like any Murakami novel, Kafka defies both description and the urge to stop reading.

카프카에는 노르웨이의 숲의 설화적 일관성과 1989년 고전 양을 쫓는 모험의 이란 암흑의 위협이 결여됐다.

하지만 얼마나 멋진가! 당신은 결코 고양이가 말을 하고 하늘에서 빽빽하게 비가 내릴 것 혹은 아직 또 다른 눈에 띄는 캐릭터가 몇 발자국 앞에 있으리라 알지 못한다.

일본 독자들의 웹 투표에서 대부분 응답자들은 만약 카프카가 드라마화 된다면, 그들은 도서관 사서의 인상적인 식하고 성 도착증이 있는 오시마역을 연기하고 싶다고 답했다.

또 다른 사람들은 그의 저주로부터 그 소년이 도망칠 수 있도록 해주는 마법의 돌을 찾기 위해 추적하는 고양이와 이야기 하는 노인을 돕는 촌스런 트럭 운전사인 호시노를 좋아했다.

무라카미 여느 소설에서처럼 카프카는 설명과 읽는 것을 중단하려는 충동 모두 무시하게 된다.

UNIT 15

jumping to conclusions

Vic Braden has a special talent, and it's driving him nuts.

Braden, a well-known tennis coach, can tell when a player is about to double-fault before the tennis racket even meets the ball.

He doesn't know how; it just comes to him in a flash.

One year he watched the tournament at Indian Wells and called 16 out of 17 double faults before they happened.

This freaks him out. "What did I see?" Braden wonders.

"I would lie in bed thinking, 'How did I do this? I don't know.' It drove me crazy."

빅 브레이든은 특별한 재능을 가지고 있고, 그것은 그를 미칠 지경이 되게 한다.

테니스 코치로 잘 알려진 브레이든은 테니스 라켓에 공이 맞기도 전에 더블폴트(테니스에서 2 회 연속 서브 실패하는 것)를 아는 선수였다고 한다.

그는 어떻게 그러는지 알지 못한다. 단지 순간적으로 아는 것이다.

어느 해 그는 Indian Wells 토너먼트를 보았고, 17점 더블폴트가 일어나기도 전에 16점이라 외쳤다.

이것은 그를 흥분시켰다. “내가 지금 뭘 본거지?” 브레이든은 의심했다.

“나는 침대에 누워 생각했다, ‘내가 어떻게 알았지? 모르겠어.’정말 미치겠네.”

Apparently, it drives Malcolm Gladwell crazy too because he has written a whole book about it titled Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking (Little, Brown; 277 pages).

Gladwell isn't a psychologist or a tennis pro.

He's a journalist, a staff writer for the New Yorker, but he likes to dabble in those kinds of intriguing, messily interdisciplinary problems, to which he brings his singularly lucid, clarifying intellect.

분명히, 말콤 그래드웰은 순간의 반짝임: 생각하지 않고 생각하는 힘 - 첫 2초의 힘- (Little, Brown; 277 pages)라는 책을 썼고 그것에 열광한다.

그래드웰은 심리학자나 테니스 프로 선수가 아니다.

New Yorker 잡지사의 저널리스트로 그는 그의 남다르게 명석한 똑똑한 지식으로 호기심을 자 극하고 다루기 힘든 둘이상의 분야가 합쳐진 문제들을 취미 삼아 다루는 것을 좋아한다.

The Tipping Point, Gladwell's first book, was a study of the unexpectedly viral ways that ideas, trends and fads spread through the general population.

In Blink Gladwell takes as his subject the snap decision.

Why, he wants to know, do intuitive, unconscious, seat-of-the- pants judgments, made in seconds on the basis of very little information, so often turn out better than better-informed, more thoughtful choices?

Gladwell concedes defeat at the outset: what goes on in the locked magician's trunk of the unconscious will always be a mystery.

But we can keep careful track of what goes into the box and what comes out of it.

The unconscious mind is astonishingly good at filtering out superfluous data and seizing on essential truth, we learn, but too much time or information can confuse and blind it.

And the unconscious mind can be trained.

The psychologist John Gottman can watch a 15-minute videotape of a husband and wife about whom he knows nothing and predict with 90% accuracy whether they will still be married in 15 years.

Gladwell, with his infernal gift for coining buzzwords, calls the rapid analysis performed by the unconscious mind "thin slicing.“

크래드웰의 첫 작품인 티핑포인트는 일반 대중을 통해 퍼지는 사상이나 트랜드, 일시적인 유행의 갑작스런 바이러스식의 퍼지는 현상을 연구했다.

Blink Gladwell에서는 순간의 결정이라는 주제를 갖는다.

그는 아주 적은 정보를 기초로 하여 짧은 시간동안 직관적, 무의식적, 반사적인 판단을 하는 것이 정보를 근거로 한 것보다 종종 더 나은 결과를 갖는데 이것이 신념 있는 선택인가 하는 것 을 알고 싶어 한다.

그래드웰은 그 시작점의 실패를 인정 한다: 알 수 없는 마술사의 잠긴 상자 안에서 일어나는 것은 항상 미스터리 할 것이다.

하지만 우리는 상자 안에 들어가서 밖으로 나오는 경로를 신중히 지켜볼 수는 있다.

그 무의식적인 생각은 놀라울 정도로 불필요한 데이터를 잘 걸러내고 우리가 아는 본질적 진실 잘 찾아내지만, 너무 많은 시간과 정보는 그것을 혼란시키고 분별력을 잃게 한다.

그리고 그 무의식적 생각은 단련할 수 있다.

심리학자 존 고트만은 누구인지 모르는 어느 부부의 15분량의 비디오테이프를 보고 그들이 여 전히 15년이 지나도 결혼생활을 할지 여부를 정확히 90%정도는 예측할 수 있다고 한다.

그의 타고난 재능으로 그래드웰은 신속한 인식으로 재빠르게 분석 실행을 뜻하는 “thin slicing(얇게 조각내기)”이라는 전문용어를 만들었다.

Gladwell's real genius is as a storyteller.

He's like an omniscient, many-armed Hindu god of anecdotes: he plucks them from every imaginable field of human endeavor.

The art historian who can instantly spot a forgery that fooled a battery of scientific tests but can't explain why.

The ornithologist can identify at 200 yards an exotic bird he's never seen in flight before.

The psychologist who has catalogued the 10,000 expressions of which the human face is capable.

Gladwell hangs with superstar car salesmen and emergency-room cardiologists, badass battlefield commanders and improv-comedy troupes.

He even talks to speed daters. Says a disappointed woman, memorably, about a roomful of unsuccessful suitors: "They lost me at hello."

그래드웰의 실제 감화를 주는 것은 소설가들이다.

그는 전지의 많은 무기를 가진 힌두신의 일화를 좋아한다: 그는 인간 노력으로 상상할 수 있 는 모든 분야로 그 일화들을 끄집어낸다.

미술학자는 과학적 검사를 피한 위조된 부분을 즉각 찾을 수 있지만, 이유는 설명하지 못한다. The ornithologist can identify at 200 yards an exotic bird he's never seen in flight before.

조류학자는 이전에 나는 것을 본 적 없는 200야드에 있는 외래종을 구별할 수 있다.

심리학자는 사람이 지을 수 있는 10000가지 표정을 목록화 하였다.

그래드웰은 유명한 자동차 세일즈맨과 응급실 심장의학과 의사들, 위험한 전쟁의 지휘관 그리 고 즉흥 코메디언에 대하여 거론하였다.

심지어 그는 고속 데이트하는 사람들에게도 말한다. 좌절한 여성은 성사되지 않은 구혼자들에 대해서 기억하기 쉽게 말해라: “그들은 나에게 인사하는 것을 잊었다.”

In fact, Gladwell throws so many anecdotes at us in Blink, from so many directions, that sometimes it's a little hard to be certain what they prove.

Sure, producer Brian Grazer knew right away that Tom Hanks had star potential when he auditioned for Splash.

But is that kind of judgment really analogous to the split-second decision-making process of a Marine in a war game?

Or of the New York City policemen who decided, incorrectly, that immigrant Amadou Diallo was holding a gun and not his wallet?

사실 크래드웰은 Blink에서 이전에 사람들이 입증하기에는 거의 확신하기 힘든 것들을 다양한 방향으로 꽤 많은 일화를 던져준다.

물론, 프로듀서 브레인 그라저는 톰 행크스가 splash 오디션을 보았을 때 스타자질이 있다는 것을 바로 알았다.

하지만 판단의 종류는 전쟁 게임에서 해병대원의 순간적 의사결정과 실제 유사성이 있는가?

아니면 한 뉴욕 경찰이 이주민 아마도 디알로가 지갑이 아닌 총을 가지고 있다고 잘못 판단하 는 경우인가?

But if Gladwell sometimes plays fast and loose with his evidence, he's easy to forgive because going fast is so darn fun.

It's hard to say what Glandwell is trying to prove with a section on professional food tasters, for instance, but, hey, did you know that food scientists have a 15-point scale for measuring crispiness, on which Quaker's Chewy Chocolate Chunk Granola Bars are a 2 and Kellogg's Corn Flakes a 14?

What Glandwell is saying in Blink is often less compelling than the facts he uses to back himself up.

Who doesn't know that tall, good-looking people get preferential treatment?

But Gladwell's analysis of the political career of Warren G. Harding - who was a lousy President but (apparently) a hot, hot man - is mesmerizing.

하지만 만약 크래드웰이 이전에 그의 증거를 확실하게 혹은 느슨하게 했다면, 그는

예를 들어 크래드웰이 전문적인 미식가를 증명하는 것은 어렵겠지만, 식품연구자들은 바삭바 삭한 정도를 측정하기 위해 Quaker's Chewy Chocolate Chunk Granola Bar는 2, Kellogg's Corn Flakes 14 로 측정되는 15 눈금의 측정기를 가지고 있다.

크래드웰이 Blink에서 말하고자 하는 것은 그 스스로 믿어왔던 사실보다 종종 덜 억지스럽다는 것이다.

키 크고 잘생긴 사람이 우선 대우 받는다 터무니없는 이야기를 알고 있나?

하지만 크래드웰의 정치가 워렌 G. 하딩의 분석에서는 그가 매우 형편없는 대통령이지만 사실 그는 외관상으로는 꽤 매력적이라는 사실이 놀라게 한다.

Remember the Pepsi Challenge? It was what we can call a "Classic" example of the limits of Blink-style thinking.

According to Glandwell, Coca-Cola executives were so distraught over statistics showing that Pepsi beat Coke in those blind, one-sip face-offs that they came up with New Coke.

New Coke beat pepsi in taste tests, but it flopped spectacularly in the market.

The geniuses at Coca-Cola had forgotten that the real world is very different from a focus group.

Nobody drinks Coke blind, nor do they just take one sip.

Consumers drink a whole can, and that affects how they make their choices.

당신은 펩시의 도전을 기억하는가? 그것은 우리가 Blink식 생각의 한계의 고전이라 부른다.

크래드웰에 의하면 코카콜라 임원진은 한모금 마시기 블라인드 테스트에서도 펩시의 통계적인 수치가 압도한다는 사실에 놀랐고, 뉴 코크로 한모금 마시기의 경쟁을 시작했다.

뉴 코크는 맛에서 펩시를 이겼지만, 시장에서는 완전히 실패했다.

코카콜라는 현실 세계에서는 한 포커스 집단과는 다르다는 것을 잊고 있었습니다.

아마도 블라인드 코크를 마시지 않았고, 그것을 한모금도 마시려 하지 않았다.

소비자들은 모두 캔으로 마셨고 그것은 그것을 선택에 영향을 주었다.

Which proves what, exactly? My conscious mind has no idea.

But to Gladwell's credit, my unconsious found it royally entertaining.

정확히 무엇이 증명되었는가? 나의 의식적 생각은 아무 생각없다.

하지만 크래드웰의 확인에서 나의 무식의식은 매우 흥미로운 것을 발견했다.

UNIT 17

Trapping the Superbugs

Nicholas Johnson nearly died from what he thought was a shoulder sprain.

Last year the 13-year-old from Stafford, Texas, made an awkward tackle in football practice and a few days later ended up in the emergency room with a fever of 40.3 degrees.

Doctors, who had initially given him pain medication and a sling, now added antibiotics and a diagnosis of walking pneumonia. But Johnson only grew worse.

When his parents rushed him back to the ER three days later, respiratory failure had set in and doctors put him on a ventilator.

"Our pediatrician told us he might not survive," his mother Janet, recalls.

니콜라스 존슨은 어깨를 삐었을 뿐인데 거의 죽을 뻔 했다.

작년 텍사스주 스태포드에서 풋볼 연습 중에 어설픈 태클을 했다. 몇일 후 열이 40.3도까지 올 라가서 응급실에 실려갔다.

처음에 그에게 진통제와 붕대로 어깨를 맸던 의사는 이제 보행성 폐렴이라며 항생제를 투여했다. 그러나 존슨은 점점 악화되어 갔다.

사흘 후 그의 부모는 그를 응급실로 데려갔다. 호흡 부전으로 의사들은 인공호흡기를 달았다.

“우리 소아과 의사들은 그를 살리지 못할지도 모른다.”라고 그의 엄마 자넷에게 말했다.

Johnson did survive. But only after multiple surgeries, months of rehabilitation and permanent hearing loss in one ear.

Doctors still don't know what touched off Johnson's illness - most likely, bacteria entered his bloodstream through a shoulder abrasion.

But one thing is clear: what nearly killed the otherwise healthy teen was an increasingly common infection that standard antibiotics couldn't touch.

존슨은 살아났다. 그러나 몇 차례의 수술과 몇 달의 재활치료를 받았고, 한쪽 청각을 잃었다.

의사들은 여전히 어떻게 존슨이 균에 감염되었는지 모른다. - 다만 어깨상처를 통해 박테리아 가 그의 혈류에 침투했을 것이라고 추측한다.

그러나 분명한 것은: 건강했던 소년을 죽음으로까지 내몰았던 것은 점점 흔해지는데도 항생제가 듣지 않는 세균의 감염이었던 것이다.

AS recently as the 1980s, doctors thought they had bacteria licked.

But the microbes have bounced back with a vengeance, developing resistance to the strongest of antibiotics.

A study released over the summer reports that 70 percent of infections acquired in hospitals - the hot zone for disease transmission - can defy at least one drug.

And the problem is seeping out into the community. Doctors report that people like Johnson are coming in off the street nearly every week.

"We're having patients die as we watch them, because there's nothing to treat them with," says Dr. Joseph Dalovisio, head of infectious diseases at the Ochsner Clinic Foundation in New Orleans, Louisiana.

Many of the big pharmaceutical companies have abandoned antibiotics research to focus on more profitable chronic conditions.

But a small army of biotech companies is racing to fill the void, pursuing new treatments for everything from blood infections to tuberculosis.

The question is whether they'll get there in time.

1980년대만 해도 의사들은 박테리아를 정복했다고 생각했다.

그러나 세균들은 강력한 항생제에 대한 내성을 키우며 무서운 반격을 시작했다.

여름에 발표된 연구에 의하면 병원 - 질병 전염의 온상이다 - 에서 발생하는 감염의 70%는 적어도 하나의 약에 대해서 내성을 갖고 있다.

문제는 병원에서만 국한되지 않는다. 의사들의 보고에 따르면 매주 존슨처럼 밖에서 감염된 환자들이 오고 있다.

“우리는 환자들이 죽어가는 것을 보고 있어야만 하는 경우가 있다 왜냐하면 그들을 치료할 수 있는 것이 없기 때문이다.” 라고 루이지니아주 뉴올리언스에 있는 옥스너 클리닉 재단의 감염질병 과인 조셉 달로비지오 박사는 말했다.

많은 대형 제약회사들이 항생제를 포기하고 보다 이익이 되는 만성질환 치료제의 연구에 집중 하고 있다.

그러나 작은 생명공학 기업들이 그 공백을 메우고 있다. 혈액 감염에서부터 결핵에까지 모든 질병에 대한 치료제를 개발하고 있다.

문제는 그들(세균의 진화)의 속도를 따라 잡을 수 있냐는 것이다.

How did it come to this? The problem of drug resistance is as old as antibiotics themselves.

Because bacteria, like humans, are diverse, drugs are rarely 100 percent effective against them.

A compound that is 90 percent effective against a particular bacterium will control most infections.

But as generations of bacteria are exposed to that drug, the resistant strains survive and multiply, making the treatment ever less effective.

That's why penicillin, the world's first wonder drug, now cures only a small fraction of the ailments it was once prescribed for.

어떻게 이렇게 되었을까? 약의 내성은 항생제만큼이나 오래된 문제이다.

왜냐하면 사람과 마찬가지로 박테리아도 종류가 다양하기 때문에 100% 효과적일 수가 없다.

특정 박테리아에게 90% 효과를 보이는 화합물이라면 감염에 효과가 있어야 한다.

그러나 여러 세대에 걸쳐 박테리아가 약에 노출되면서 내성을 가진 변종이 살아남아 증식하여 치료의 효과가 떨어진다.

왜 세계의 첫 번째 대단한 약(기적의 약이라던)인 페니실린이 오늘날에는 단지 정해진 극히 일부의 질병만 치료할 수 있게 됐다.

The easiest way to develop a new drug is to improve on an older one.

Boston-based Paratek Pharmaceuticals, in partnership with German drug maker Bayer, is working on a new tetracycline, an antibiotic that is as safe as penicillin but capable of treating a wider variety of diseases.

Tetracycline works by penetrating a microbe's cell wall, then latching onto and disabling its ribosome, a molecular structure required for reproduction.

The new resistant microbes either have mutant ribosomes that prevent the drug from binding to them or a pump that expels the drug.

But Levy and his team have developed more than 1,000 new molecules that aren't so easily foiled.

If approved by 2008, as the company hopes, their first candidate will be used to treat a host of serious infections, including the increasingly common methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA), the disease that nearly killed Johnson.

Basilea, a spinoff of Swiss drug giant Roche, is updating another class of broad-spectrum antibiotics called cephalosporins and has a new antibiotic that could reach the market in 2007.

새로운 약 개발의 가장 쉬운 방법은 기존의 약을 개량하는 것이다.

보스턴에 있는 파라텍 제약회사는 - 독일의 Bayer와 합병회사 - 페니실린처럼 안전하고 다양한 질병을 치료할 수 있는 항생제인 테트라사이클린을 개발하고 있다.

테트라사이클린은 박테리아의 세포벽에 침투하여 증식에 필요한 리보솜에 들러붙어 무력화한다.

새로운 내성이 생긴 박테리아는 약이 붙지 못하게 하는 변이된 리보솜을 갖고 있거나 약을 내쫓기 위하여 펌프질한다.

그러나 레비와 그의 팀은 박테리아가 쉽게 물리칠 수 없는 1,000개 이상의 새로운 항생제 분자를 개발했다.

그 회사(파라텍)는 2008년까지 승인을 받을 것이라고 기대했다. 존슨을 거의 죽음으로까지 몰 고갔던 메티실린 내성 포도상구균(MRSA)을 비롯한 심각한 감염증을 치료할 수 있을 것이다.

스위스의 거대한 제약회사 로체의 지주회사인 바실리아는 다른 그룹의 광역 항균 스펙트럼의 항생제를 개발하여 세팔로스포린이라고 불렀고 2007년안에 시장에 선보일 것이다.

Meanwhile researchers are pursuing drugs that could keep some microbes from infecting people at all.

Most bacterial cells contain a "master switch," a protein that commands other proteins to attach to human tissue and, in some cases, release toxins.

Paratek has developed molecules that can bind to the master protein and disable it.

Because the new compound doesn't have to kill the bacteria or keep them from reproducing, Levy believes it is less likely to breed resistance.

한편 연구자들은 인체의 모든 감염에서부터 일부 박테리아를 차단할 수 있는 약을 찾고 있다.

대부분의 박테리아 세포는 “마스터 스위치”를 갖고 있다. 마스터 스위치는 인체 조직에 붙어서 다른 단백질들에게 명령하는 단백질이며, 일부의 경우에는 독소를 분비하게 한다.

파라텍은 마스터 단백질에 붙어서 그 기능을 무력하게 하는 화합물을 개발했다.

이 새로운 화합물은 박테리아를 죽이거나 증식을 막을 필요가 없기 때문에 레비는 내성을 키울 가능성이 적다고 믿는다.

Farther down the line is the prospect of attacking bacteria with naturally occurring viruses known as phages.

Phage therapy was practiced in the United State before antibiotics were developed 60 years ago, and it's still used in Poland and part of the former Soviet Union.

The viruses inject their DNA into bacterial cells, reproduce inside them, and then destroy the cells by exploding out of them.

And unlike antibiotics, "phages evolve along with the bacteria," says Alexander Sulakvelidze, cofounder of Intralytix in Baltimore - possibly making resistance easier to overcome.

Another advantage of phages is their specificity.

Whereas traditional antibiotics destroy beneficial bacteria as well as harmful ones, phage-based treatments "Will kill only the bad bugs," says Janakiraman Ramachandran, founder of Gangagen, which has offices in Palo Alto, California; Ottawa, Canada, and Bangalore, India.

The catch is that doctors might have to match each patient's infection with just the right phage.

To address that problem, researchers are now trying to develop phages that attack more than on type of bacteria.

게다가 파지라고 알려진 자연발생 바이러스로 박테리아를 공격하는 방법도 개발되고 있다.

파지요법은 항생제가 60년전 개발되기 전에 미국에서 행해졌고 그것은 여전히 폴란드와 구소련 일부국가에서 사용되고 있다.

그 바이러스들은 자신의 DNA를 박테리아의 세포에 주입한 뒤 그 안에서 복제하고 세포들을 폭파시켜 파괴한다.

그리고 항생제와는 다르게 “파지는 박테리아와 함께 진화한다.”라고 발티모어에 있는 인트랄리 틱스의 공동 설립자인 알렉산더 술라크벨리제가 말했다. - 아마도 내성을 극복하기가 더 쉬워졌다. Another advantage of phages is their specificity.

파지의 또 다른 이점은 그들의 특수성이다.

일반 항생제가 모든 박테리아를 무차별적으로 파괴하는 반면 파지 박테리아는 “해로운 박테리 아만 죽인다.” 라고 캘리포니아주 팰로 알토, 캐나다 오타와, 인도 방갈로에 사무실을 두고 있는 강가젠의 설림자 자나키라만 라마찬드란은 말했다.

의사들은 환자에게 감염된 박테리아에만 효과가 있는 파지를 활용해야 한다.

문제를 해결하기위해 현재 연구자들은 1종 이상의 박테이라를 공격하는 파지의 개발에 노력하있다.

Philanthropic groups are tackling diseases of the developing world.

The New York-based TB Alliance is developing one of the first new drugs against tuberculosis in more than 30 years.

TB kills 2 million people annually and requires a six-month treatment regimen involving four different antibiotics.

Patients often quit the regimen after two to three months, as they begin to feel batter - speeding the emergence of drug-resistant strains.

If successful, TB Alliance's new compound, PA-824, could cut treatment time in half.

It's expected to enter clinical trials early next year.

자선단체들은 개도국의 질병퇴치를 목표로 한다.

뉴욕의 TB 얼라이언스는 30년 만에 새로운 결핵 치료제를 개발하고 있다.

결핵은 매년 2백만명의 목숨을 앗아가며, 4가지 항생제를  6개월동안 복용해야 치료가 가능하다.

환자들은 종종 상태가 호전되기 시작한다고 생각하고 2~3개월만에 치료를 그만둔다. - 항생제에 내성을 가진 변종들이 빠르게 출현한다.

만약 TB 얼라이언스의 새화합물 PA-824가 성공적이라면 치료 기간을 절반으로 줄일 수 있다.

임상실험은 다음달 초에 시작된다.

Will these efforts be enough to stem the tide of antibiotic resistance?

Some experts doubt it.

Many believe public measures are needed to expand the market for antibiotics - tax incentives to spur research and development, extended patents to high-priority drug, government purchases to protect manufactures during periods of low demand.

Countless lives could depend on them.

이런 노력들이 항생제에 내성을 가진 박테리아가 오는 것을 막을 수 있을까?

몇몇 전문가들은 의심한다.(회의적이다.)

항생제 시장의 확대가 필요하다. - 연구 개발 촉진을 위한 세금감면 혜택, 약품에 대한 특허권 연장, 저수요 기간동안 업체들을 보호하기 위한 정부의 구매

수 많은 인간이 그 결과에 달려 있을지 모른다.

UNIT 19

Dumb and Dumber

They vanished from the earth 35,000 years ago but Neanderthals continue to prowl through our imaginations, clad in fur and wielding clubs.

Since the skeletal remains of these archetypal cavemen were discovered by limestone miners in Germany's Neander Valley in 1856, scientists have quarreled over whether Neanderthals were a distinct species(now extinct) or an earlier form of modern hamans - embarrassing ancestors nobody wants at the evolutionary dinner party.

Over recent years a spate of research has only stirred up fresh controversy over the relationship between our direct ancestors - the anatomically modern humans, called Aurignacians, Who began to disperse from Africa across Asia and Europe 150,000 years ago - and the Neanderthal populations with whom they in some regions of Europe for 8,000 years.

네안데르탈인은 3만5천년 전 지구에서 사라졌지만 그들은 털가죽 옷차림에 몽둥이를 들고 여전히 우리의 상상 속에서 배회한다.

1856년 독일의 닌더 계곡에서 석회암 광부에 의해 최초 혈거인들의 유골이 발견된 이래로 과학자들은 네안데르탈인이 멸종된 별개의 종인지 현대인류의 초기형태인지를 놓고 논쟁을 벌였다. - 아무도 조상으로 삼고 싶어하지 않는

최근 일련의 연구는 인류의 직접적인 조상 - 150만년전 아프리카에서 아시아와 유럽으로 퍼지기 시작한 해부학적으로 현대인간인 오리그나시안 - 과 유럽의 일부지역에서 8천년동안 공존했던 네안데르탈인 간의 관계에 대한 논쟁을 일으켰다.

After a flurry of research in the last few years, a bigger picture is beginning to emerge - and it leaves Neanderthals out on the cold.

That's the main point of a Cambridge University archaeologist Paul Mellars, writing in last week's issue of the journal Nature.

Genetic research, he says, has now disproved the notion that Aurignacians and Neanderthals interbred, making us all at least part Neanderthal.

And it's brought to light a crucial gene that mat have given man an evolutionary edge and may also have helped drive Neanderthals to extinction.

The FOXP2 gene endowed, Aurignacians with greater language abilities that are not present in other species.

And although Neanderthals were more intelligent than previously thought, the evidence falls short of showing that Neanderthals were in the same class as the sophisticated Aurignacians.

지난 몇해 동안 광풍과 같던 연구 후 더 큰 그림이 나타나기 시작했다. - 네안데르탈인은 배제 되고 있다.

최근 네이처지에 글을 기고한 캠브릿지 대학의 고고인류학자인 폴 멜러스가 주장하는 것이 그 것이다.

유전학적 연구결과 그는 오리그나시안과 네안데르탈인이 상호교배를 통해 조금이라고 네안데르탈인의 피가 현 인류에 섞여있다는 생각이 허구임을 밝혔다고 말했다.

그리고 인류의 진화상의 이점을 제공하고 네안데르탈인의 멸종을 도왔던 결정적인 유전자가 밝혀졌다.

FOXP2 유전자는 오리그나시안에게 다른 종에게는 볼 수 없는 우수한 언어능력을 부여했다.

네안데르탈인은 생각했던 것보다 지능은 높지만 오리그나시안과 같은 등급이라고 볼 만한 증거가 없다.

How cozy did humans and their Neanderthal neighbors get around the prehistoric campfire?

"All the new genetic evidence supports the idea that Neanderthals were a separate biological species," Mellars says.

"Even if there had been one interbreeding event in a thousand, we would have picked up on it by now.

The evidence argues powerfully against the idea that Neabderthals contributed anything to Homo sapiens."

Although earlier research found no similarity between Neanderthal DNA with that of moderm-day humans, some researchers still argued that genetic differences may have existed between Neanderthals and Aurignacians.

The most recent DNA study, from the remains of seven Neanderthals and five anatomically modern Aurignacians, shows the Neanderthal specimens were radically different from ancient humans, too.

어떻게 인류와 네안데르탈인 이웃사촌은 선사시대의 모닥불 주위에서 친하게 지냈을까?

“새로운 유전학적 증거는 네안데르탈인은 별도의 종이었음을 보여준다.”라고 멜라스는 말했다.

“만약 천년중에 한번의 상호교배가 있었더라도 지금 우리에게는 흔적이 남아있을 것이다.

네안데르탈인이 호모 사피언스에 무엇이든 기여했다는 생각은 전혀 근거가 없다.”

초기 연구에서도 네안데르탈인의 DNA와 현대인류의 DNA 사이의 유사점을 찾지 못했지만 연구자들은 여전히 네안데르탈인과 오리그나시안 사이에는 유전적 다른 점을 찾고 있다.

일곱명의 네안데르탈인과 다섯명의 해부학적인 현대 인류 오리그나시안의 최근 DNA 연구를 보면 네안데르탈인의 표본은 근본적으로 고대 인류와도 다르다는 것을 볼 수 있다.

A compelling argument in favor of interbreeding among the two hominids comes from the discovery of early burial sites.

In Velika Pesanica in Croatia, for instance, skeletons of modern humans have been found alongside much older bone tools, ornaments and artwork, suggesting that earlier Neanderthals had ctrated them.

But Mellers disputes this interpretation. Instead, he thinks the Aurignacians created the tools and artwork.

He sites numerous other recent finds from Bulgaria to the Lebanon, Where Aurignacian skeletons have been dated to 40,000 years ago, about the same time these complex implements were made.

He thinks that as the two species lived side by side across Europe, the last Neanderthals adopted some modern technologies, trading perforated animal teeth as beads, for instance.

But, he adds, "[This] proves they had skills to make these things, but it doesn't prove they meant the same thing to them.

They were not necessarily using beads, for instance, to communicate status [or other information]. It was just copying or imitation.”

Although Neanderthals used black manganese dioxide as body paint, they were unable to produce art or think symbolically.

두 사람의과 간의 상호교배를 지지하는 유력한 논거는 초기에 발견된 매장 현장에서 나왔다.

크로아티아의 벨리카 페사니카에서는 예로, 현대 인류의 유골이 오래된 뼈 연장, 장신구, 수공예품과 나란히 발견됐다. 네안데르탈인이 만들었다고 볼 수 있는 것들이다.

그러나 멜러스는 이런 해석을 부인했다. 대신에, 그는 오리그나시안인이 연장과 수공예품을 만들었다고 생각했다.

그는 4만면전의 것으로 추정되는 오리크나시안의 유골이 발견된 곳으로 불가리아에서 레바논에 이르는 다른 현장의 예를 들었다. 복잡한 도구가 발명된 시기와 같은 때이다.

그는 두 종이 유럽 전역에 나란히 살았다고 생각했고, 마지막 네안데르탈인들은 당신의 최신기술을 채택해 짐승 이빨에 구멍을 뚫어 구슬로 썼을 것이다.

그러나 그는 덧붙였다. “그들이 이런 것들은 만들 능력이 있었다는 증거는 되지만 그것의 의미 까지 같았다는 증거는 되지 않는다.

그들은 지위[ 다른 정보]를 알리기 위해 구슬의 사용이 필요하지 않았을 것이다. 단지 흉내만 냈을 수도 있다.“

네안데르탈인은 몸에 칠하는 물감으로 까만 망간 산화물을 사용했을지라도 그들은 미술이나 상징적인 것으로 사용하지 못했을 것이다.

This might also provide the key to deciphering the most puzzling problem prehistory pose: how the Neanderthals were wiped off the earth, despite being better adapted to Western Europe's harsh climate.

The FOXP2 gene, which made profound changes in the structure of the human brain 200,000 years ago, may have made the crucial difference between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens.

(The gene was identified recently by researchers at Oxford University through studies of a family, almost half of whom were affected with a speech and language disorder.)

이것은 또한 선사시대의 최고 난제에 대한 해결의 열쇠가 나올 가능jd이 있다: 어떻게 네안데르탈인은 서부 유럽의 거센 기후변화에도 잘 적응했음에도 불구하고 지구에서 멸종했을까?

20만년전에 인간의 뇌의 구조에 중대한 변화를 일으킨 FOXP2 유전자가 네안데르탈인과 호모사피언스 사이에 결정적 차이를 초래했을 것이다.

(유전자는 가족의 연구를 통해 옥스포드 대학의 연구진에 의해 최근 확인되었다, 거의 절반 누구의 연설 및 언어 장애에 영향을 받았다.)

Mellars's study won't be the last word on this controversial subject.

But the difficulty of teasing out just how deeply Neanderthals and Aurignacians interacted is a testament to nature's willingmess to experiment.

"We happen to have been the successful model, but in the past nature was experimenting with how to be human," says Prof. Chris Stringer, head of the Department of Human Origins at London's Natural History Museum.

In the end, words apparently won out over weapons.

멜라스의 연구가 이 말 많은 주제에 대한 결론이 되지는 않는다.

그러나 네안데르탈인과 오리크나시안이 얼마나 깊게 서로 영향을 끼쳤는지 알아내기 어려운 것은 자연의 실험정신을 입증하는 것이다.

"우리가 성공적인 모델이 되었지만, 자연은 과거에 인간을 만드는 방법을 실험했다." 라고 런던 자연사박물관의 인류기원과 과장인 크리스 스느링어 교수는 말했다.

결론적으로, 말이 무기를 누르고 이긴 것 같다.

UNIT 21

Fourteen years after the first major report on global warming, scientists know far more about climate change, but still more remains unexplained. One place to look for answers? In the clouds.

by stefan Theil, Eric Pape and Marie Valla

The answers varied so widely as to be nonsensical.

By the time the IPCC issued its 2001 report, the range had been narrowed to seven degree, and now stands at about three (from 1.5 degree Celsius to 4.5 degree Celsius).

The trouble is, this consensus may be false.

Says Bill Collins, an NCAR climate scientist: "Whether or not we're converging on the truth, we don't know."

터무니없이 많은 답이 도출됐다.

IPCC가 2001년 보고서를 발행할 무렵에는 그 범위가 7도정도로 좁혀졌고 지금은 3도 정도의 편차를 보인다.(섭씨 1.5~4.5)

문제는 이 일치된 결과가 허위일지도 모른다는 것이다.

NCAR의 기후학자인 빌 콜린스가 말했다: “진실에 수렴하고 있는지 아닌지는 우리도 알 수 없다.”

The more scientists look into the problem, the more they realize how central clouds are to climate change - and how little they understand them.

The dynamics of clouds - how they form and how they dissipate, and what happens in between - may be one of the toughest problems in physics.

Clouds embody the complexities of air turbulence, which to some degree still mystifies engineers, and adds to it: water is changing from vapor to cloud droplets and back again, gathering in and releasing heat all the while.

And then aerosols - particles like soot and dust - interact in complicated ways to change the way clouds behave.

과학자들은 문제를 깊게 볼수록, 구름이 기후 변화에 얼마나 중추적인 역할을 하는지, 구름에 대해서 얼마나 무지한지 깨닫게 된다.

구름의 역학관계 - 어떻게 형성되며 어떻게 흩어지고 그 사이에서 무슨 일이 일어나는지 - 는 물리학에서 가장 까다로운 문 제 중의 하나일지도 모른다.

구름은 아직도 기술자들이 알 수 없는 기체난류의 복잡성으로 구체화 되고, 늘어난다.: 물은 수증기에서 작은 물방울로 바뀌면서 열의 모음과 방출을 모든 과정 동안 반복한다.

그리고 연무질 - 그을음과 먼지같은 입자 - 은 복잡한 방식으로 상호작용하며 구름의 움직임을 변화시킨다.

Andrew Heymsifield spends about half his time in his lab at the NCAR, and the other half in the field, observing clouds.

He once spent a summer flying in a NASA airplane less than 50 meters over the Indian Ocean, measuring the amount of water vapor rising above the surface and the air pollution wafting over from the Subcontinent.

Then he'd fly at an altitude of 15 to 20 kilometers, where thunderheads end in thin wisps, and shoot out probes to sample the ice particles.

Heymsfield and his colleagues are trying to bridge the gap between, clouds and the computer models by a kind of brute-force taking of measurements.

“Clouds could end up having a big effect on the climate models,” he says.

앤드류 헤임스필드는 일과의 절반을 그의 NCAR 실험실에서, 나머지 절반은 야외에서 구름 관측으로 쓴다.

그는 여름에 나사의 비행기를 타고 인도양을 50m도 못미치는 비행을 하며 표면위로 떠오르는 수증기의 양과, 아대륙으로부터 불 어오는 공기의 오염물질의 양을 측정했다.

그리고 그는 적란운이 얇을 가닥을 이루며 사라지는 15~20km의 고도로 날면서 탐사장치를 쏘아 얼음 입자 샘플을 수집했다.

헤임스필드와 그의 동료들은 구름과 컴퓨터를 사용하여 억지로 측정한 컴퓨터 모델 사이의 차이를 보안하려고 노력하고 있다.

“구름이 기후 모델에 큰 영향을 미칠 수 있다.”라고 그는 말했다.

The idea is to gather a lot of data in the field, then come back to the lab and tweak the computer models.

What he's found is that aerosols from the smokestacks and tailpipes of southern India are changing the clouds that form over the Indian Ocean - with potentially dire effects on local weather patterns.

When soot particles drift over the ocean, they attract water vapor, which stimulates the formation of clouds.

The increased cloud cover reflects sunlight back up into outer space, cooling the region.

That might seem like a fine thing to happen, except for one drawback: because these soot-induced clouds have smaller droplets than they normally would, they're less apt to produce monsoon rains.

Greater cloud cover and less rain has already had a detrimental impact on Indian agriculture.

And the findings underscore the need to take regional dynamics into account.

그의 구상은 야외에서 많은 데이터를 수집한 후 실험실로 가져가 컴퓨터 모델들을 수정한다.

그는 남부 인도의 공장굴뚝과 자동차 배기관으로부터 나오는 연무질이 인도양 상공의 구름을 변화시켜 잠재적으로 날씨 패턴에 무서운 영향을 끼칠 수 있다는 것을 발견했다.

그을음 입자가 바다 상공으로 올랄갈 때 수증기가 달라붙어 구름의 형성을 촉진한다.

증가한 운량은 햇빛을 지구 밖으로 반사해 지역의 온도를 떨어뜨린다.

그렇게 되면 좋을 것 같지만 한 가지 결점이 있다: 그을음으로 생성된 구름은 정상보다 더 작은 물방울을 갖게 되어  몬순강우가 적게 발생하게 된다.

운량 확대와 강우량 감소는 이미 인도 농업에 해로운 영향을 끼쳤다.

그리고 이러한 사실의 결과로 볼 때 국지적 역학관계의 설명이 필요한다는 것을 알 수 있다.

Scientists began reporting a few years ago that aerosols cool the atmosphere, but recently there's been equally convincing evidence that they can have the opposite effect.

James Hanson, a climate scientist at NASA's Goddard Space Laboratory in New York, found that soot particles embedded in snow absorb the sun's energy and radiate heat, which may explain why temperatures have risen more at the poles than at the equator.

Other scientists have found that soot in the atmosphere can either absorb heat or reflect sunlight, depending on the shape of the particles.

"If I take a pound of coal," says Collins, "I can't tell you how much soot it will release into the atmosphere without knowing how you're going to burn it.“

과학자들은 몇 년 전부터 연무질이 대기를 냉각시킨다는 연구를 시작하였지만 최근 그것이 반대의 효과를 줄 수 있다는 설득력있는 증거가 제시되었다.

뉴욕의 NASA 고다드 우주 실험실의 기후학자인 제임스 헨슨은 눈속에 박혀있는 그을음 입자가 태양에너지를 흡수하고 열을 방출시킨다는 것을 발견했다. 이것은 적도보다 극지방의 온도가 더 많이 상승하는 것을 설명할 수 있다.

다른 과학자들은 대기중의 그을음이 그 입자의 형태에 따라서 열을 흡수하거나 태양을 반사할 수 있다는 것을 발견했다.

“만약 1파운드의 석탄이 있다해도” 콜린스가 말했다. “나는 그것을 태울 수 있는 방법을 모른다면 얼마나 많은 그을음이 대기에 방출될 것인지 알 수 없다.”

Then there's the whole question of how clouds are going to react to atmospheric warming.

Warmer air can absorb more water vapor, a more powerful greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.

Scientists had assumed that higher humidity levels would further warm the climate, but two years ago Bruce Wielicki from NASA's Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia, using satellite data, found that fewer clouds were actually forming over the tropics, and humidity was declining.

Wielicki is still assessing the implications for warming.

그리고 대기의 온난화에 구름이 어떻게 반응할 것이냐는 문제가 있다.

따뜻해진 공기는 더 많은 수증기를 흡수할 수 있고 이산화탄소보다 더 강력한 온실가스가 될 수 있다.

과학자들은 습도가 높아지면 기후가 더 따뜻해 질 것이라고 가정했다. 하지만 2년 전 버지니아주 함프톤에 있는 NASA 랭글리 연구소의 브루스 윌리키는 위성 데이터를 사용해 열대지방의 상공에는 구름이 적게 형성되고 습도가 감소한다는 것을 발견했다.

윌리키는 그 사실이 온난화에 영향을 미치는지 분석하고 있다.

Scientists are optimistic that they'll eventually crack the cloud problem, but "it may take seven years," says Collins.

That would be another seven years of political hot air and few facts.

과학자들은 결국 구름의 틈에 대한 문제가 풀릴 것이라고 하지만 “그것은 7년 정도 걸릴 것이다.”라고 콜린스가 말했다.

앞으로 7년간은 다시 정치적인 열기와 공방이 있을 것이다.

UNIT 23

Five times in 600 million years, most of the creatures of the Earth died off. Now it may be happening again.

by Emily flynn

Britain's East Midlands were once the picture of English countryside, alive with flocks, shepherds, skylarks and butter-cups - the stuff of fairytales.

In 1941 George Marsh left school at the age of 14 to work as a herdsman in Nottinghamshire, the East Midlands countryside his parents and grandparents farmed.

He recalls skylarks nesting in cereal fields, which when accidentally disturbed would fly singing into the sky.

But in his lifetime, Marsh has seen the color and diversity of his native land fade.

Farmers used to grow about a ton of wheat per acre; now they grow four tons.

Pesticides have killed off the insects upon which skylarks fed, and year-round harvesting has driven the birds from their winter nests.

Skylarks are now rare. "Farmers Kill anything that affects production," says Marsh.

"Agriculture is too efficient."

영국 동부지방의 미들랜드는 한때 동화에서처럼 양떼, 양치기, 종달새, 미나리아재비가 살고 있는 잉글랜드 시골의 모습이었다.

1941년 조지 마쉬는 동쪽 미들랜드 시골인 노팅암쉐어에 있는 부모와 조부모의 농장에서 목동을 하기 위 해 14살에 학교를 떠났다.

그는 우연히 하늘에서 지저 기며 어지럽게 나는 새를 보았을 때 농지에 있는 종달새의 동지를 회상했다.

그러나 그의 일생 안에서 마쉬는 색과 그의 고향에서 사라져가는 다양한 것들을 보곤 했다.

농부들은 경지 당 1톤의 밀을 생산하곤 했다; 지금은 4톤 정도를 생산한다.

살충제는 종달새의 먹이인 곤충들은 죽이고 연간 수확은 새들의 겨울 둥지로부터 떠나게 했다.

종달새는 드물다. “농부들은 생산에 영향을 미치는 모든 것들을 죽인다.” 라고 마쉬는 말했다.

“농업은 너무 효율적이다.”

Anecdotal evidence of a looming crisis in biodiversity is now being reinforced by science.

In their comprehensive surveys of plants, butterflies and birds over the past 20 to 40 years in Britain, ecologists Jeremy Thomas and Carly Stevens found significant population declines in a third of all native species.

Butterflies are the furthest along - 71 percent of Britain's 58 species are shrinking in number, and some, like the large blue and tortoiseshell, are already extinct.

In Britain's grasslands, a key habitat, 20 percent of all animal, plant and insect species are on the path to extinction.

There's hardly a corner of the country's ecology that isn't affected by this downward spiral.

생물의 다양성의 위기에 직면하고 있는 일화적인 증거는 과학에 의해 강화되고 있다.

영국에서 20~40년간 식물, 나비, 새를 폭넓게 조사하였고, 생태학자인 제레미 토마스와 칼리 스티븐은 모든 종의 1/3의 의미 있는 개체감소에 대해 알아냈다.

나비는 영국의 58종의 71%보다 훨씬 더 수가 감소하였고, 큰 파랑나비와 들신선나비(tortoiseshell)같은 종은 이미 멸종되었 다.

영국의 목초지의 주 서식지에서 모든 동식물과 곤충의 20%는 멸종의 길로 들어섰다.

이런 악화되는 상황에 의해 생태계는 어려운 처지에 놓여있다.

The problem would be bad enough if it were merely local, but it's not: because Britain's temperate ecology is similar to that in so many other parts of the world, it's the best microcosm scientists have been able to study in detail.

Scientists have sounded alarms about species' extinction in the past, but always specific to a particular animal or place - whales in the 1980s or the Amazonian rain forests in the 1990s.

This time, though, the implications are much wider. The Amazon is a "biodiversity hot spot" with a unique ecology.

But in Britain, "the main drivers of change are the same processes responsible for species' declines worldwide," says Thomas.

The findings, published last week in the journal Science, provide the first clear evidence that the world is in the throes of a massive extinction.

Thomas and Stevens argue that we are facing a loss of 65 to 95 percent of the world's species, on the scale of an ice age or the meteorite that may have wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago.

이 문제가 단지 지방에서만의 것이라 해도 안 좋겠지만 그것이 아니었다: 왜냐하면 영국의 온화한 생태학은 세계 여러 지 역과 비슷하기 때문에 가장 뛰어난 소우주 과학자들은 자세하게 연구하였다.

과학자들은 과거의 생물멸종에 대하여 경고하였지만 항상 특정 동물과 장소에서 - 1980년도의 고래나, 1980년대의 아마존 열대우림 - 명확하게 일어났다.

그럼에도 불구하고, 지금 이때 그 예상은 멀리 퍼져 있다. 아마존은 특유의 생태계를 가진 “생물다양성의 주요 장소”이다.

하지만 영국에서는 “변화의 주요한 사람은 생물종의 감소를 위해 책임지고 같은 과정을 한다.”라고 토마스는 말했다.

지난 주 출간된 사이언스지에서는 세계의 다량 멸종이 한창일 때 첫 번째 명확한 증거를 기재하였다.

토마스와 스티븐은 빙하시대나 6천5백만 년 전에 공룡들을 멸종시켰던 운석의 규모를 세계 종의 60~95% 적게 직면하고 있다 고 주장하였다.

If so, this would be only the sixth time such devastation had occurred in the past 600 million years.

The other five were associated with one-off events like the ice ages, a volcanic eruption or a meteor.

This time, ecosystems are dying a thousand deaths - from overfishing and the razing of the rain forests, but also from advances in agriculture.

The British study, for instance, finds that one of the biggest problems is nitrogen pollution.

Nitrogen is released when fossil fuels burn in cars and power plants - but also when ecologically rich heathlands are plowed and fertilizers are spread.

Nitrogen-rich fertilizers fuel the growth of tall grasses, which in turn overshadow and kill off delicate flowers like harebells and eyebrights.

만약 그렇다면 , 이것은 6억년 안에 발생했던 그러한 황폐해짐이 단지 6 번째로 일어난 것 일뿐이다.

다른 다섯 번은 빙하시대와 화산폭발, 유성과 같은 한 번만의 사건과 관련되어있다.

이 시간, 생태계는 과잉어류낚시나 열대우림의 파괴, 농업의 발전에서 오는 것 같은 천개의 파괴로 죽어가고 있다.

영국의 연구에서는 가장 큰 문제가 질소오염이라는 것을 알아냈다.

질소는 자동차의 연로를 태울 때와 생태학적으로 비옥한 토양을 갈거나 비료를 뿌릴 때 나온다.

질소가 많은 비료는 실잔대나(harebells), 좁쌀풀 무리(eyebrights)같은 민감한 풀을 그늘지게 하여 죽게 만드는, 장초들의 성 장의 물질을 공급한다.

Even seemingly innocuous practices are responsible for vast ecological damage.

When British farmers stopped feeding horses and cattle with hay and switched to silage, a kind of preserved short grass, they eliminated a favorite nesting spot of corncrakes, birds known for their raspy nightly mating calls; corncrake populations have fallen 76 percent in the past 20 years.

Foresters plant trees as densely as possible to maximize timber output, which shuts out the sunlight that brown fritillary butterflies need; they're now nearly extinct. The depressing list goes on and on.

보기에는 무해한 일이라 해도 생태계 파괴에 책임이 있다.

영국의 농부들이 건초를 말이나 소에게 먹이로 주는 것을 멈추고 목초로 바꾸었을 때, 그들은 뜸부기새(corncrakes)가 좋아하는 안식처를 제거한 것이다. 새들은 삐걱거리는 소리로 밤마다 구애하는 것으로 알려져 있다.; 뜸부기새의 수는 20년전에 비해 76% 떨어졌다.

산림관들은 최대 목재 생산을 하고 갈색표범나비(brown fritillary butterflies)가 필요한 햇빛을 차단하기 위해 가능한 빽빽하게 나무를 심는다.; 나비들은 지금 거의 멸종하였다. 이런 우울한 명부는 계속되고 있다.

Many of these practices are being repeated throughout the world, in one form or another, which is why scientists believe that the British study has global implications.

Wildlife is getting blander.

"We don't know which species are essential to the web of life so we're taking a massive risk by eliminating [any of] them," says David Wedin, professor of ecology at the University of Nebraska.

Chances are we'll be seeing the results of this experiment before too long.

많은 이러 일화들은 세계 도처에서 같은 형태 또는 다른 형태로 반복되고 있다. 이것은 과학자들은 영국의 연구가 세계적 의 미를 가지고 있다고 믿는 이유이다.

야생식물은 점점 더 약해지고 있다.

“우리는 종이 삶의 흐름에 중요하다는 것을 모르고 있어서 그것을 제거하여 큰 위험을 만들고 있다.”라고 네브라스카 대학의 생 태학 교수인 데이비드 웨딘이 말했다.

아주 오래 전 실험의 결과를 보게 된다는 것은 기회이다.

Unit 25

Climate change is shifting the reproductive and migratory patterns of birds and other animals.

by Mac Margolis and Clint Witchalls

One afternoon a couple of months ago, Ali Cuthbert was strolling through the grounds of the Royal Botanic Gardens in London when she heard a racket overhead.

She looked up in the towering oak trees and saw a riot of emerald green parakeets.

"I thought I was hallucinating," says Cuthbert, the gardens' public-relations manager.

"They're so strange looking." It was no illusion.

Oxford University researchers now reckon that some 20,000 wild parrots make their home in clammy England - and that their numbers are rising at the clip of 30 percent a year.

Welcome to the British Isles, the newest stop in the tropics.

몇 달 전 어느 날 오후, 알리 커스버트는 런던의 왕립식물원을 거닐다가 머리위에서 나는 소리를 들었다.

그녀가 고개를 들어 거대한 참나무를 보니 진녹색의 잉꼬 무리가 장난치고 놀고 있었다.

“나는 잘못 본 것이라고 생각했다” 라고 식물원 홍보책임자인 커스버트는 말했다.

“이상한 관경이었다.” 그것은 착각이 아니었다.

옥스퍼드 대학의 연구자들은 냉습한 영국에서 현재 2만 마리의 야생 앵무새가 서식하고 있다고 추산한다. 그리고 그 수는 연 30%가 증가하고 있다.

영국이 열대지방의 일부가 된 것이다.

It's not just England that hasn't been her temperate self lately.

A run of wimpy winters and blazing summers - and plenty of weird weather in between - has remade landscapes across the map, drowning China in Biblical rain, cooking vineyards in Alsace.

The climate shifts are also changing centuries-old migration and breeding patterns: last week a North American purple martin was sighted for the first time in Scotland, thousands of miles off course.

Colonies of stink bugs have chewed their way up from their customarily toasty Mediterranean habitat to London neighborhoods.

The iconic edelweiss, a cold-loving mountain evergreen, has been climbing up the Alps at the rate of one to four meters a decade, driven to higher elevations by warmer climes below.

Stultifying summers could also explain why the only orioles in Baltimore, Maryland, these days are the kind in flannels and cleats.

최근 기후가 바뀐 곳은 영국만이 아니다 .

온난한 겨울과 뜨거운여름그리고 그사이에 이상한 날씨가 계속되면서중국에 홍수가 나고, 알자스의 포도가달궈지는 등의 풍 경이 변하고 있다.

기후 변화는 또한 수세기 동안의 이동과 번식을 바꾸고 있다. 지난 주 북미의 암청색 흰털발제비(martin)는 수천 마일 떨어진 스코트랜드에서 처음으로 목격됐다.

방귀벌레(stink bugs) 군체들은 습관적으로 지중해 주변의 서식지에서 런던까지 올라왔다.

추위를 좋아하는 상록식물 에델바이스는 점점 따뜻해지는 기후 때문에 10년에 1~4m씩 알프스의 정상으로 올라가고 있다.

매릴란드주 볼티모어에서는 여름이 되면 지독한 더위로 상징인 꾀꼬리를 볼 수 없다.

What in the name of Noah is going on?

Breakneck economic development, population growth and deforestation have for decades wreaked the most havoc on ecosystems.

But now scientists are beginning to think that extreme weather brought on by climate change - things like prolonged droughts, unseasonable rains balmy winters in the temperate zones - are stretching growing seasons, expelling cold-loving plants and animals from their habitats and sending flocks of seabirds off course.

노아의 명성은 어디 간 것일까?(도대체 무슨 일이 벌어지고 있는 것인가?)

급속한 경제 발전은, 인구증가, 산림 개간은 10년간 생태계를 파괴해왔다.

그러나 현재 과학자들은 기후변화에 의한 극심한 날씨(장기 가뭄, 때 아닌 장마, 온대지방의 온화한 겨울)가 동․식물의 성장기 가 늘어나고, 추위를 좋아하는 동․식물들이 그들의 서식지로부터 떠나며, 철새가 이동경로를 벗어나게 하는 것이라고 생각하기 시작 했다.

A 0.6 degree Celsius rise in world temperatures over the last century is hardly a killer heat wave, but it's changing subtle temperature cues that regulate plant and animal behavior.

On the northeast coast of Brazil, a rise in air temperature of only a few degrees - to 31 degrees Celsius, on average - has disrupted the breeding patterns of sea turtles.

Above 29.7 degrees, the production of male turtles drops sharply: scientists have recently noticed a preponderance of females.

Melting ice floes in the Antarctic have boosted the populations of chinstrap penguins, which prefer open water, at the expense of their chillier competitors the Adelie, which prefer icepacks.

The thick balsam fir covering Michigan's Isle Royal National Park may look attractive, but in fact it's a sign that the North Atlantic oscillation, a high -to-low pressure system, is off kilter.

In recent years higher-than-normal snowfall has forced gray wolves into larger packs, which in turn have thinned the population of balsam-earing moose.

지난 1세기 동안 세계의 기온은 0.6℃ 상승했다. 그것은 치명적인 더위는 아니지만 그것은 동․식물의 행동을 조절하는 미묘한 온도 반응 체계를 변화시키고 있다.

브라질의 북동부 해안에서는 기온이 조금씩 올라감으로써(현재 평균적으로 31℃) 바다거북의 번식 패턴을 붕괴시키고 있다.

29.7℃ 이상이면 수컷 거북의 번식률이 크게 떨어진다: 과학자들은 최근 암컷이 우세함을 발견했다.

남극의 빙원이 녹아 물을 좋아하는 턱끈 팬귄(chinstrap penguins)의 개체수가 늘어나는 반면 얼음을 좋아하는 아델리 팽 퀸의 개체수는 줄어들었다.

미시간 로열 국립공원을 뒤덮고 있는 발삼 전나무(balsam fir)는 매력적으로 보이지만 사실 북대서양의 진동(대기 순환 시스 템)이 정상이 아니라는 표시이다.

최근 들어 평균보다 많은 강설량으로 회색 이리떼가 크게 늘어난 결과 발산 전나무를 먹는 사슴은 크게 줄어들었다.

Change isn't necessarily bad.

Red admiral butterflies, which now survive the milder European winters, are a joyous sight.

(On the other hand, Nezara viridula, the Mediterranean stink bug, is now at home in a warmer England.)

What's more disturbing is the prospect of mass extinction.

Stephen Williams, a tropical ecologist at James Cook University in Australia, found using a computer model that a 3.5 degree rise, which many scientists predict may occur in the next century, could wipe out half the species of the cloud forests of northern Queensland.

Already, marsupials, tree frogs and a host of birds are fleeing ever higher up the mountainside, where the clouds have retreated.

Says Williams: "Soon, there will be nowhere to go."

변화가 반드시 나쁜 것만은 아니다.

현재 유럽의 온난한 겨울에서도 살아난 붉은 네발나빗과 나비들(Red admiral butterflies)은 멋지다.

반면에, 지중해의 방귀벌fp인 Nezara viridula 는 따뜻해진 영국에서 살고 있다.

무엇보다 불안하게 하는 것은 다량 멸종 가능성이다.

호주 제임스 쿡대의 열대 생태학자인 스티븐 윌리엄스는 컴퓨터 모델을 사용해서 3.5도가 상승하면 퀸즈랜드 북부의 운무림의 종들의 절반은 사라질 수 있다는 것을 찾아냈다.(다른 과학자들은 다음 세기에 그렇게 될 거라고 추정한다.l)

이미 유대류, 청개구리, 다수의 새들은 구름이 후퇴한 고산지대로 점점 높이 이동하고 있다.

윌리엄스는 “곧, 그들은 갈 곳이 없어질 것이다.”라고 말했다.

UNIT 27

For centuries, people have dreamed of harnessing the power of ocean tides. Has a company in Wales made the dream come true?

by Kate Noble

The water comes in, the water goes out, propelled by the perpetual engine of the sun and moon.

With 70% of the earth's surface covered by the restless tides and currents of the oceans, the idea of harnessing that movement to serve the planet's energy needs is too tempting to ignore.

물은 태양과 달의 무한한 엔진의 추진에 의해 들어오고 빠져 나간다.

지금의 표면의 70%는 끊임없는 조수와 바다의 흐름으로 덮여져 있는데,

Since the Middle Ages people have built tidal mills, trapping an incoming tide in a storage pond to turn a wheel as the water ebbs.

But the dream has always been to tap the power of the ocean itself to harness the force of tides mighty enough to erode and shift entire coastlines.

And so later this year a small South Wales company called Tidal Hydraulic Generators (THG) plans to lower a steel frame supporting five 6-m diameter turbines to the floor of the Severn Estuary.

The tubes will translate the power of the tide as it ebbs and flows into one megawatt of electricity, enough to power about 500 homes.

The project will be a test run for much larger rigs, with up to 50 turbines apiece, that could produce enough electricity for a small town.

이후에 중세 사람들은 썰물이 빠지듯 물레방아를 돌려 저장 연못에서 들어오는 조수를 빼내는 식으로 조수 측정 장치를 만들었다.

하지만 그 이상은 항상 해안선을 이동시키고 침식시키기에 충분히 강력한 힘을 가진 조수는

그리고 Tidal Hydraulic Generators (THG)이라 불리는 한 작은 서부 웨일스 회사는 내년에 세 번 강어귀 바닥에 6미터 길이의 5 개 터빈을 지지하는 강철 프레임을 내릴 계획을 가지고 있다.

그 터빈은 썰물이 나가는 것과 같은 힘을 500가구가 충분히 쓸 에너지인 100만 와트의 전기로 바꿔줄 것이다.

그 프로젝트는  작은 마을에 쓸 충분한 양의 전기를 생산할 정도가 되는 50개의 터빈 각 하나에 이르기까지 많은 장치들을 테스트 할 예정이다.

The inspiration for the turbines came on a calm day in 1997 when Richard Ayre, managing director of THG, was working for the marine national park in St. Bride's Bay, Pembrokeshire.

Trying to place buoys in the water, he realized the current was dragging the boat sideways.

"The energy here is absolutely astronomical," thought Ayre, who started wondering how to generate power from it without damaging the bay's pristine environment.

He came up with the answer a 6-m turbine blade, with a drive/gear system and a generator and tested it on a small, experimental rig in the sea off Milford Haven.

The amount of energy produced by Ayre's test rig so impressed the government that it has promised 2.23 million to fund the construction of the five-turbine unit in the Bristol Channel.

1997년 조용한 어느 날 , 펨브룩셔의 성 브라이즈 베이 해양 국립 공원에서 일하던 THG 의 상무이사 리차드 에어는 그 터빈들에 대 한 명안이 떠올랐다.

물에 붕 떠있는 장소를 시도해 보려 할 때, 그는 물의 흐름이 보트 옆쪽을 훑고 가는 것을 인식했다.

“그 에너지는 여기에 정말 방대하다.”라고 에어는 생각했고, 그는 만의 자연 그대로의 환경이 손상되는 것 없이 그것으로부터 에너지를 어떻게 하면 일으킬 수 있는지 궁금하기 시작했다.

그는 6m의 터빈 날에 그 답이 있다 생각하고, 밀퍼드 헤이번에서 떨어진 바다에서 드라이브/기어 시스템과 발전기 그리고 작은 실 험적 장비로 그것을 테스트 했다.

그 에어의 테스트 장비로 생산된 에너지의 양 인상을 받은 정부는 브리스틀 해협에 5개의 터빈을 건설하도록 2억 2천 3백만 원을 지 원하기로 약속했다.

Because water is 800 times more dense than air, tide power is a more productive energy source than wind power, now commonly used throughout the developed world.

Where a wind turbine may be up to 80 m in diameter, a tidal stream turbine need be only 10 m across to produce 50% more energy.

Though the blades turn slowly, just 10 revolutions per minute, the rotation generates a great deal of torque a force that causes an object to rotate.

That is then turned into energy via a hydraulic accumulator, which condenses the power into a motor that drives the generator.

David baird, managing director of Babtie, the engineering group that is working with Ayre, thinks tidal stream power has a big future.

"Twice a day the North Sea drains in and out of the Pentland Firth," he says. "We estimate that using tidal stream generators we could meet all of the renewable energy needs of the U.K.“

물은 공기보다 800배 더 밀집되어 있기 때문에 조력은 풍력보다 더 생산성 있는 에너지이며, 지금은 발전된 어디라도 일반적으로 사용 되고 있다.

바람 터빈은 80미터 정도까지 필요하다면, 조수 터빈은 오직 10미터만으로 50% 이상의 에너지를 만들 수 있다.

비록 터빈의 날은 1분에 10회로 천천히 돌아가지만, 그 회전은 회전의 반대 원인인 막대한 양의 회전력을 일으킨다.

그때 발전기를 돌리는 모터 안으로 응축된 힘이 수압 축압기를 통해 에너지로 전환된다.

에어가 일하는 기술팀 Babtie의 상무 의사인 데이비드 베어드는 조력에너지가 큰 장래성이 있다고 생각한다.

“하루에 두 번 북해에서 펜틀런드 강어귀로 빠져나가고 들어온다.”, “ 우리는 조력 발전기를 사용함으로써 영국에 필요로하는 모든 재생 가능한 에너지가 될 것이라 예상한다.” 라고 그는 말한다.

The Severn Estuary was chosen to test the new technology because it has the world's highest range between high and low tides, around 12 m, and during the Severn Bore, at the times of the spring and autumn equinoxes, tides of up to 15.4 m rush at 24 km/h up the funnel-shaped channel.

But Ayre stresses that huge tidal flows are not essential to the system.

"We will tailor the units to be site specific," he explains, "So that in areas with lower tidal flow we'd use larger blades and more of them than we'd need in areas with greater flow."

Even with a modest tidal flow, the technology could still be used to desalinate sea water and pump it ashore a self-propelled water purifier.

Babtie has already sent a team of engineers to the Middle East to discuss the possibilities of setting up tide-driven desalination plants.

Ayre is expecting that once the technology is proven, THG could be supervising the construction of rigs to generate "many thousands of megawatts.“

셰번 강어귀는 새로운기술 테스트지로 선정되었는데, 그것은 세계에서 조수의 높낮이가 12미터로 가장 크고, 추분과 춘분의낮동안의 세번 강의 고조는 깔때기 모양의 터널로 24 ㎞/h 속도로 15미터까지 몰아치는 조수가 있다.

하지만 에어는 그 엄청난 조수의 흐름이 그 시스템에 필수적이지 않다는 것을 강조한다.

“우리는 특정 장소를 만들기 위해 그 장치들을 배치할 수 있을 것이다. ”, “그리고 낮은 조수가 흐르는 지역에는 보다 더 큰 조수가 흐르는 지역에 필요로 하는 날보다 더 큰 날이 필요합니다.”

심지어 적당히 조수가 흐르는 곳에 그 기술은 바닷물의 탈염과 그것을 해안에 자체 추진 물 정화장치로 퍼 올리는 방법을 사용할 수 있다.

Babtie는 이미 중동에 조수 추진 탈염 장치 설치 가능성을 알아보기 위해 기술자 팀을 보냈다.

에어는 이전에 그 기술이 증명했던 것 기대하고 있으며, THG가 “수천 메가와트”를 일으킨 장비의 설비를 관리할 수 있었다.

But no one expects the new system to be entirely smooth sailing.

As any boatsman knows, the moment something goes into seawater it starts corroding, and soon becomes covered in barnacles and weed.

The THG engineers are working on several ideas to combat corrosion, including protective coatings and cathodic protection attracting corrosive chemicals to electrically charged plates of a dissimilar metal, known as sacrificial anodes, by running a weak electric current through the framework.

The blades themselves will be cleaned with every rotation, to avoid a build-up of animal and plant life.

하지만, 그 새로운 시스템에 대한 기대는 완전히 순탄하지만은 않다.

어느 항해사가 알고 있는 것처럼, 그 조력 발전기가바닷물 안으로 들어오면 부식되기 시작하고 곧 조개나 해초로 덮일 것이라는 것이 다.

THG 기술자들은 부식을 막기 위한 몇 가지 생각으로 보호 코팅 막과 부식성 화학물질을 부착하는 전기적 charge를 띠는 금속과는 다른 장치(희생 양극으로 알려진 )를 그 구조물을 통하여 약한 전류가 흐르도록 하는 장치를 만들고 있다.

그 장치의 날은 동물이나 식물의 성장에 피해가 없도록 가능한 회전에 있어서 깨끗한 상태로 유지될 것이다.

Even with its unresolved issues, the system is a huge improvement over past methods of harnessing tidal energy, which aren't cost efficient and are also clumsy they tend to create problems of silting and interfere with shipping and wildlife.

Though tidal stream generation is still in its infancy, Baird estimates that with the coming of commercial-sized installations within the next five years, the cost of producing electricity for the national grid would be about €.05 per kilowatt slightly more than gas or coal at current prices, but about the same as wind power.

Perhaps the tide is finally starting to turn on fossil fuel consumption.

해결되지 않은 문제들이 있는 그 시스템은 과거 조력 에너지를 동력화했던 방법은 비용의 효율도 없었고 다루기 힘들었고 그것들은 선박이나 야생 생물에 피해를 주고 토사로 막히는 물제가 발생되기 쉬웠다.

조력 발전기는 아직도미완성 상태이고, 베어드는 다음 5년 안에 산업적 규모의설치를 할 것이라 예상하는데 생산되는 전류의 국가 규 정 그리드는 현재 가스나 석탄 가격 보다 더 적은 킬로와트 당 약 €.05이 될 것이다. 풍력 에너지도 이와 비슷하게..????

아마도 그 조력 에너지는 마침내 화석 연료 소비를 바꿔 놓기 시작할 것이다.

UNIT 29

Disasters often hit the poor the hardest. It doesn't have to be that way.

by Jeffrey D. Sachs

Though the epicenter of last week's disaster was in the Indian Ocean, the devastating toll was felt worldwide.

European tourists apparently numbering in the thousands were drowned alongside the tens of thousands of victims who lived on the coasts of East Asia, South Asia and Africa.

A world divided by ethnic and religious disputes suddenly faced its common humanity - and common mortality - in a disaster of shocking geographic reach.

At least for the moment, the world has united to aid millions of vulnerable people trying to piece their lives back together in the wake of the devastation.

지난주에 있었던 재앙의 진원지는 인도양이었지만, 그 파괴적인 울림은 전 세계가 느꼈다.

한 천명 정도 돼 보이는 유럽 관광객들은 동아시아, 서아시아 그리고 아프리카 연안에 살고 있던 희생자의 수만 명 속에서 익 사하였다.

인종과 종교 논쟁으로 분화된 세계는 충격적인 재앙의 지리적 범위에서 갑자기 공동의 인간애와 공동의 죽음에 직면했다.

적어도 그 순간만은 세계는 황폐한 곳의 소생으로 수천 명의 상처받은 사람들이 다시 그들의 삶을 이어가도록 돕기 위해 단결 하였다.

Yet there is a more subtle message as well in the life-and-death arithmetic of last week's disaster.

Undeniably, most of the people who died - and most who now struggle to survive - are poor.

If the tsunami had hit rich regions instead, the loss of life would have been vastly lower.

While all of us are vulnerable to the furies of nature - earthquakes, droughts, floods, epidemic diseases, blights and pests - these scourges systematically claim the lives of the poor in vastly greater numbers than they do the rich.

Yet therein lies one key answer on how we should proceed in the wake of this disaster.

게다가 지난주 재앙의 생과 사의 수에서 이와 마찬가지로 보다 더 미묘한 메시지를 담고 있다.

명백하게 죽은 대부분의 사람들과 살기위해 발버둥치는 대부분의 사람들은 가난하다.

만약 그 해일이 부자 지역을 강타했더라도, 사망자 수는 현저하게 낮았을 것이다.

반면에 우리 모두는 지진, 가뭄, 홍수, 유행성 질병, 식물의 마름과 충해와 같은 자연 재난의 희생자가 될 수 있다. 이러한 재 앙은 조직적으로 잘사는 사람에게 보다는 훨씬 더 많은 수의 가난한 사람들에게 요구된다.

그래도 그 점에 있어서 우리가 재앙의 발생에 대해 어떻게 극복할지에 대한 하나의 답이 있다.

Consider last fall's devastating hurricanes in the Caribbean and U.S. Southeast.

Haiti lost around 2,000 lives, while the U.S. Southeast, hit roughly as hard in meteorological terms, lost a few dozen lives.

Or consider the worldwide AIDS epidemic, in which the impoverished countries of sub-Saharan Africa, with just 11% of the world's population, have 64% of the cases and 74% of the deaths.

Or consider that both Darfur, Sudan, and the U.S. Southwest are suffering from deep and persistent droughts.

In Sudan, the droughts have led to hunger, disease and bloodshed, while in the U.S. the droughts have led to economic loss but not loss of life.

지난 가을 카리브와 미국 남동부에서 발생한 허리케인에 대해 살펴보자.

아이티 섬에서는 2000명이 죽었지만 기상학 용어로 거칠게 강타당한 미국 남동부에서는 몇 십명만이 죽었다.

그렇지 않으면 전 세계적으로 널리 퍼진 에이즈의 전염을 생각해라. 세계 인구의 11%인 사하라 국가의 남아프리카 가난한 국가들은 64%가 환자이고 74%가 사망자이다.

아니면 수단의 다르푸르와 미국의 남동은 심하게 계속되는 가뭄으로 고통받고 있다.

수단에서의 가뭄은 기아, 질병과 학살이 발생했지만, 미국에서의 가뭄은 목숨이 아닌 경제적인 손실만을 가져왔다.

What the rich world suffers as hardships the poor world often suffers as mass death.

The rich, unlike the poor, can afford to live in fortified structures away from floodplains, riverbanks and hillsides.

The rich, unlike the poor, have early-warning systems - seismic monitors, weather forecasts and disease - surveillance systems.

The rich, unlike the poor, have cars and trucks that enable them to leave on short notice when a physical disaster threatens.

And rich countries, unlike poor ones, can quickly mobilize food, drinking water, backup power generators, doctors and emergency medical supplies in the aftermath of disaster.

부유한 나라 사람들은 개인의 고충으로 고통 받지만, 가난한 나라 사람들은 종종 집단 죽음으로 고통을 받는다.

가난한 국가 사람들과 달리 부유 국가 사람들은 범람원, 강둑 그리고 산허리로부터 강화된 구조물 속에서 살 여유가 있다.

가난한 국가 사람들과 달리 부유 국가 사람들은 지진 감시기, 날씨 예보와 질병 감시 시스템과 같은 조기경보 시스템을 보유하 고 있다.

가난한 국가 사람들과 달리 부유 국가 사람들은 물리적 재난이 위협이 닥쳤을 때, 짧은 경고로도 빨리 떠날 수 있게 해주는 자동차와 트럭을 소유하고 있다.

그리고 가난한 국가 사람와 달리 부유한 나라에서는 재빨리 음식과 마실 물, 동력 생성기를 지원하고 재난의 여파 속에 의사 와 응급 의료 지원을 동원한다.

If rich countries continue with business as usual, responding generously to the current disaster but failing

to address the dire underlying situation of the world's poor, the world will repeatedly confront the tragic arithmetic of life and death.

This is not merely a sound forecast based on the likelihood of future earthquakes, droughts, floods, landslides and epidemic diseases.

It also reflects the grim fact that life-and-death disasters of the poor are with us every day.

만약 부유한 국가가 재난 발생에 대해 여느 때처럼 관대하게 반응하고 관심을 가지고 있어 가난한 국가의 지극히 근원적인 상황에 초점을 맞추지 않는다면, 세계는 삶과 죽음의 비극적인 수치에 계속적으로 직면할 것이다.

이것은 단지 미래에 있음직한 지진, 가뭄, 홍수, 산사태 그리고 전염병을 예보하는 것이다.

그것은 또한 가난한 사람들의 생과 사의 재앙이 항상 우리와 함께 한다는 냉혹한 사실을 반영한다.

As many as 3 million impoverished children will die this year of malaria, although easy prevention (bed nets to ward off mosquitoes) and treatments (antimalarial drugs) exist to save those children.

Tens of millions of Bangladeshi citizens are being poisoned daily by drinking well water that is laden with natural arsenic, yet the rich world has not seen fit to help resolve this long-recognized crisis.

And the list goes on.

The failure of the U.S. and other countries to respond to such utterly solvable crises results not only in massive unnecessary death but also in a vicious circle of poverty and political instability that often pulls the U.S. directly into the fray.

3백만 명의 가난한 어린이들을 구할 수 있는 쉬운 예방법(모기를 억제할 침대 그물)과 치료법(항말라리아 약품)이 존재함에도 불구하고 그들은 올해 말라리아로 죽을 것이다.

수천만의 방글라데시 사람들은 천연 비소가 들어있는 우물을 마심으로써 매일 비소에 중독 되어 가고 있지만 아직도 부유 국가 사람들은 이 긴 위험을 해결 할 적절한 방법을 찾아내지 못하고 있다.

그리고 사망자 리스트는 계속되고 있다.

그렇게 완전히 해결 가능한 위기에 대응하지 못한 미국과 다른 나라들의 실패는 대량의 필요치 않은 죽음뿐만 아니라 빈곤과 미국을 이내 혹평으로 몰고 가는 정치적 불안정의 악순환이라는 결과를 가져왔다.

After the Bush Administration's initial pledges of $15 million and then $35 million for tsunami relief were roundly criticized, the U.S. raised it to a more realistic $350 million.

But at just $1.20 per American, even this increased number should be seen as simply a down payment on aiding the world's poor.

Almost three years ago, the Bush Administration signed a pledge, the Monterrey Consensus, to "make concrete efforts" to provide 0.7% of national income in assistance to the world's poor.

Currently, the U.S. provides less than one-fourth of that pledge, just 0.15% - a mere 15 cents out of every $100 of U.S. income.

부시 행정부가 처음 공약으로 낸 1억 5천만 달러와 그 후에 를 쓰나미 구호로 3억 5천만 달러를 약속한 공약은 호되게 비판당 했고, 미국은 그것을 실제 35억 달러로 높였다.

하지만 단지 미국인 한 명당 1.2달러에 해당하는 이 증가된 수치는 세계의 가난한 사람들을 위한 계약금에 불과했다.

거의 삼년 전에 부시 행정부는 몽테리 컨센서스에서 “구체적인 노력을 위해”국가의 수입 중 0.7%를 세계 빈곤층을 위한 보조 금으로 쓰겠다는 서약에 사인을 했다.

현재 미국은 공약의 1/4 수준도 안되는 0.15%를 제공하고 있으며, 이는 단지 미국의 100달러 수입에 15센트에 해당하는 액수 이다.

If the U.S. raised its level to 70 cents we would save millions of lives and enable many more to escape their poverty and their extreme vulnerability to natural disasters.

Currently, our military spending outpaces our development aid by roughly 30 to 1.

U.S. leadership in another battle, the fight against global poverty, would not only help restore the hope and confidence of a shaken planet but would also do much to promote the U.S.'s own long-term security as well.

만약 미국이 이것의 수준을 70%까지 올린다면 우리는 수백만의 생명을 구하고 그들을 가난과 자연 재해로부터의 지나친 약점으 로부터 탈출시킬 수 있을 것이다.

현재 우리의 군의 지출은 우리의 원조를 대략 30대 1을 능가한다 .

세계적 빈곤에 대항하여 싸우는 또 다른 전장에서의 미국의 지도력은 자신감이 결여된 사람들에게 희망과 자신감을 회복시 키는데 도움을 줄 뿐만 아니라 미국의 자체 장기적 안보를 증진시키는데 많은 기여를 할 것이다.

UNIT 31 Bridging the gender

Despite slow but significant progress achieved in the 1990s, girls continue to face “Sharp discrimination in access to schooling" in a majority of developing countries, according to a new report from the united nations educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization(UNESCO).

The EFA Global Monitoring Report 2003 was released Nov. 6 in New Delhi.

Gender parity in education remains a distant prospect in 54 countries including 16 countries in sub-Saharan Africa as well as Pakistan and India, says the latest Education For All Global Monitoring Report, the most comprehensive survey of education trends worldwide.

In China, the most populous country in the world, boys will continue to outnumber girls in secondary schools for many years to come.

"While not a complete surprise, these results are obviously a cause for deep concern," says Koichiro Matsuura, Director-General of UNESCO.

"Gender parity in education is a priority not only because inequality is a major infringement of fundamental human rights but because it represents an important obstacle to social and economic development."

Gender equality in education is one of the six goals of the Education for All program endorsed by 164 governments at the World Education Forum, in Dakar, Senegal, in April 2000.

As a first step to achieving equality, they set the target of 2005 to achieve gender parity (equal enrollment of boys and girls) in primary and secondary education.

UNESCO 최근의 보고에 따르면 1990 년대부터 비록 느리지만 확실히 진행이 이루어지고 있고 아직도 대부분의 개발도상국의 소녀들은 “입학 시의 무서운 기시”에 직면하고 있다. 2003 EFA 세계 감시보고는 뉴델리에서 11 월 6 일 발표하였다.

교육상의 성 평등은 인도, 파키스탄과 아프리카의 사하라 지역의 16 개국을 포함한 54 개국 나라에서는 먼 나라 이야기다. 세계에서 가장 인구가 많은 중국에서는 몇 년 후 중학교의 학생수가 여학생 보다 남학생이 많게 될 것이다.

UNESCO 의 관리자인 Koichiro Matsuura 는 “만약 전혀 신중히 대하지 않는다면 결과는 큰 문제를 야기 시킬 것이다.”라고 말하였다.

“교육상의 성 평등이 무엇보다 중요한 이유는 불평등은 사람의 기본적인 권리를 위반하는 이유일 뿐만 아니라 사회와 경제의 발전에 큰 장애물로 나타나기 때문이다”라고 하였다.

교육에서의 성 평등은 2000 년 5 월에 세네갈 Dakar 에서 열린 세계교육포럼에서 164개 정부가 지지했던 모든 교육에 관한 프로그램의 6 가지 목적 중 하나이다.

평등 실현이 첫 단계이기 때문에, 그들은 2005 년 성 평등 달성(여자와 남자가 똑같이 입학절차를 밟는)을 목표로 잡고 중등 교육을 그 다음 목표로 정했다.

The report notes that in the decade to 2000, the number of girls in primary school increased faster than that of boys, However, 57 percent of the estimated 104-million primary-age children out of school worldwide are girls.

"Investing in the education of girls has a high pay off," says Christopher Colclough, the director of the Global Monitoring Report.

"Education helps to increase (womens') productivity to a significant extent, thereby adding to household incomes and reducing poverty. It also increases personal and social well-being."

"When parents, in particular mothers, are educated, their children - both boys and girls - will be healthier, better nourished and have a greater chance of going to school and doing well there.

Investing in educating girls now is one of the best ways of ensuring that future generations will be educated."

The need to supplement family income is one of the main reasons why children do not attend classes, says the Report.

According to the most recent estimates "18 percent of children aged 5-14 are economically active, amounting to some 211 million children, about half of whom are girls."

In addition, many more millions of children are involved in domestic labour, sometimes at great cost to their educational participation or success."

A much larger proportion of these children are girls than boys," says Colclough.

Cost, early marriage, HIV/AIDS, conflict, and violence in schools are other barriers to girls' education, according to the report.

2000 년부터 10 년 안으로 초등학교에 다니는 여학생 수가 남학생보다 많이 증가하였다. 하여튼 전 세계 1억 4백만명의 초등학교 적령기 애들 중 57%가 여아이다.

세계감시보고의 관리자인 Christopher Colclough 가 “여학생의 교육이 발전하기 위해 많은 대가가 필요하다.”고 말하였다.

“교육은 광범위한(여성의) 생산능력 향상에 도움되므로 가족의 수입을 더해주고 빈곤을 덜어준다. 또 이는 개인과 사회의 발전을 증진시킨다.

“부모 특히 어머니들이 교육을 받게 된다면 그들의 아이들 - 남학생 여학생 모두-은 더 건전하고 비교적 희망적이며 많은 학교에 갈 수 있는 기회를 가질 수 있고, 학교에서는 잘 할 것이다.

현재 여학생의 교육을 투자하는 것이 다음 세대의 발전을 보장 할 수 있는 최선의 방법 중 하나로의 교육일 것이다.

보고에 의하면 보조가 필요한 가족의 수입이 아이들이 교육을 받지 못하는 중요한 이유 중 하나이다.

최근의 조사에 따르면 5~14 세의 아이들의 18%가 경제적인 활동을 하고 있는데 총2억 천 백만명의 아이들이 중 반 정도가 여아이다.

그 밖에 더 많은 수백만의 아이들은 국내 노동자로 간주되고 때때로 교육적인 공유나 성공을 위해서 거대한 자금을 모으기도 한다.“

colclough는 이런 아이들 중에 남아보다 여아가 더 많은 비중을 차지하고 있다”고 말한다.

보고에 따르면 교내에서는 돈, 조기 결혼, 에이즈, 싸움 그리고 폭행은 여아 교육의 장벽이 된다고 한다.

Classroom practices can also influence girls' participation rates in education, states the Report, referring to a study of countries

Traditions and cultural values in some societies also limit options for females.

Some observers wonder whether, and how, these traditions might be changed.

The report says that a three-step nights agenda provides a framework for understanding educational points to constraints in family and within society that affect girl' access to education.

Rights within education focus on how school systems take girls' needs into account.

Finally, nights through education examine how girls perform in school and how that achievement translates into equal opportunities in other areas.

The Report stresses that gender parity does not mean gender equality.

It points to those countries, notably in Europe, Latin America and Asia, where, it says, boys' underachievement in the educational arena has not yet resulted in their falling behind in the economic and political spheres.

Women may have to work harder and do better than men, it concludes, "if they are to be successful in competition for jobs, equal pay and decision-making positions."

The Education for All Global Monitoring Report is prepared by an independent international team based at UNESCO Headquarters in Paris.

For further information about this year's report and EFA in general, visit

교실에서의 일은 여아들의 교육 참여율에 영향을 준다고 국가별 연구 보고서에 기록되어 있다.

전통과 문화적 가치는 일부 사회적인 것과 마찬가지로 여성의 선택권을 제한한다.

관찰자들은 어쩌면 이런 전통적인 것들이 바뀌게 될지 궁금해 한다.

보고서에서는 3 단계의 야간의제에서 교육적인 관점을 이해시키기 위해 여성들의 피 교육권에 대한 교육의 요점을 가족 구성원들에게 강조하고 사회내부에 미치는 영향에 대해 기본적인 구조를 제안할 것이다.

보고서에서는 성의 평등은 성의 권리에 대한 평등과 다른 의미이다.

주목되는 국가들로는 특히 유럽, 라틴아메리카와 아시아 같은 나라에서는 교육에서 남학생들이 학습저하가 나타나는 것은 경제와 정책 영역으로 인해서이다.

세계 교육에 대한 관찰보고는 파리에 있는 UNESCO 위원이 뒷받침하고 있는 독립적인 국제적 팀으로 나눠진다.

보충보고는 이번 해에 보고와 일반적인 EFA 에 대한 향후 정보를 위한 것이다.

www.wnesco.org/education/efa

On the other hand

When girls do have the opportunity for education, they appear to thrive.

According to the Progress in Intentional Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS), in all 35 countries surveyed, fourth-grade girls had significantly higher reading achievement than fourth-grade boys.

Furthermore, more girls than boys reported reading stones or novels weekly.

Likewise, a recent report from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) found that teenage girls are better readers than teenage boys throughout the 42 countries surveyed.

For example, 15-year-old American girls scored an average of 518 on OECD's Programme for Intenational Student Assessment (PISA) reading test, while boys scored an average of 490.

This gap of 28 points is close to the worldwide average of 32.

Furthermore, the majority of students worldwide who scored at or below Level I (out of five levels) on PISA's combined reading literacy scale were engagement than males in evenly country surveyed.

The Intenational Reading Association's PISA Task Force, chaired by Renate Valtin, in an appendix to its report on the policy and practice implications of the PISA findings, noted that the "global pattern of female superiority in reading literacy deserves careful analysis.

"The task force discussed three ex- planations that have been offered as having a direct bearing on these findings. Here is a brief synopsis.

반면에

여아들이 교육 기회를 얻게 된다면 그들은 발전할 것이다.

AccPIRLS 에 의하면 35 개국의 나라에서는 4 학년 여학생들은 확실히 4 학년 남학생보다 높은 읽기 실력을 가졌다.

그리고 남학생보다 여학생이 이야기 거리나 주간 소설을 더 잘 이야기 한다.

마찬가지로 OECD 최근 보도에서는 10 대 여아들이 10 대 남아들보다 훨씬 더 많이 읽는다는 것을 42 개국 조사를 통해 알아내었다.

예하면 15 세 미국 여아의 OECD PISAtest 점수는 평균 518 점이었으나 남아는 490 점이었다.

28 점의 차이는 전 세계적인 평균 32 점과 가깝다.

그 밖에 각 나라 조사에서는 PISA 의 복합 독해문학범위에서 세계각국 과반수의 학생들은 Level1(레벨 5 까지)점수를 받았거나 남학생보다 여학생들이 더 많았다고 한다.

Renate Valtin 에 의해서 운영되는 세계적인 독해기관인 PISA 는 정책과 PISA 가 알아낸 것이 이루어지고 있는지에 대한 기록을 추가하는 일을 강행할 것이다. 이 일들은 3 가지 해석으로 이야기 할 수 있다.

그리고 “독해능력이 여성이 더 우월하다는 표본은 정밀하게 분석할 가치가 있다.” 이 일들은 ..........이 부분은 간단한 개요이다.

Television and other electronic media have promoted stereotypic models of gendered behavior.

Youth who spend many hours with these media are indoctrinated into a kind of gender cult that polices how boys and girls act.

Furthermore, time spent with these media displaces time young people could be spending with traditional print sources.

In the United States and some other countries, most classroom teachers are women, leading to what some have termed a 'feminized" school environment Some suspect that this may affect boys' interest and participation in reading activities.

Many of the texts used in secondary school language arts curricula may not reflect boys needs and interests, leading them to become disengaged as readers.

For further information on these reports, visit the following websites:

http://timss.bc.edu/pirls2001i /PIRLS2001 _ news.html ,

www.pisa.oecd.org , and www.reading.org/advocacy /pisa.pdf.

텔레비전과 다른 전자매체는 성별에 따른 행동에 관한 형식화된 모습들을 보여주었다.

많은 시간을 이런 매체들과 접하는 젊은 아이들은 남자와 여자가 행동에 관한 성별행동방식들이 주입되게 된다.

더군다나 매체와 많이 접하게 되는 시간은 젊은 사람이 전통적인 사고방식을 가지게 되는 시간이 되는 것이다.

미국과 일부 나라에서는 대부분의 학교 선생님들은 여성인데 그 여성들은 ‘여성화’라고 부르는 학교환경을 조성하고 있고 이것은 독해에 대한 남학생들의 흥미와 참가를 일으킬 것으로 기대하고 있다.

초등학교 언어과정에서 사용하는 많은 문장들은 남학생의 요구와 흥미를 반영하지 못하였다. 그리고 읽는 사람들에게 자유롭게 읽을 수 있도록 이끌지 못합니다.

이 자료의 정보를 더 원한다면 이하 웹 사이트를 방문해 주세요.

UNIT 33

Can Roh close the gap between capital and countryside? The feeling of deprivation in regional areas has grown to threaten national unity.

by B.J Lee

As South Korea's first bullet train sped away from Seoul on a test run last week, the smog and crowds quickly gave way to open field, rice paddies and the deserted streets of small farm towns.

Moving at 300 kilometers an hour, the korea Train Express (KTX) feels like a time machine hurtling into Korea's impoverished past, proof of the fact that South Korea, one of the world's most densely populated countries, is also one of the most imbalanced.

No major capital holds a greater share of its nation's people and industry than Seoul - home to a quarter of the South Korean population - and the main purpose of the KTX is to drain some of that congestion into the countryside.

"The new High-Speed Railway will contribute to balanced regional development," declared Kim Se Ho, head of the Korean National Railroad.

"It will also play a major role in opening the age of regionalization in Korea."

지난 주 남한 최초의 총알 열차가 시험 운행을 위해 서울을 빠져나가자 스모그와 수 많은 인파 대신 들판과 논 그리고 작은 농 촌마을의 한산한 거리들이 빠르게 지나갔다.

시속 300km로 달리는 한국 고속철도열차(KTX)는 한국의 가난했던 과거로 달려가는 타임머신처럼 느껴진다. 세계에서 인구밀 도가 가장 높은 나라 중 하나인 한국이 불균형적인 발전을 이룬 나라 중의 하나라는 사실을 보여주는 증거이기도 하다.

주요 국가의 수도 중 서울만큼 인구(한국 전체 인구의 1/4)와 산업이 밀집된 곳은 없다. 그리고 KTX의 주요 목적은 그런 밀집 현상을 지방으로 분산시키는 것이다.

“새로운 고속 철도는 지역 균형 발전에 기여할 것이다.” 라고 김세호 한국 철도 청장이 말했다.

“그것은 또한 한국의 지역분권화 시대를 여는데 중요한 역할을 할 것이다.”

The architect of this new age is President Roh Moo Hyun, who comes from the southeast and is by no means a member of the old Seoul elite.

He won the 2002 presidential vote by promising, among other things, to move the administrative capital from Seoul to the center of the country.

Later this year he will name the location of the new $40 billion capital, which will be built, starting in 2007, on the new train line.

The new capital is generally opposed in Seoul, where people fear a fall in real-estate prices and an exodus of jobs, and supported in the south.

Greater Seoul now accounts for 12 percent of South Korean territory, but nearly half the counrty's economic output.

"People in the provinces have no hopes, while people in Seoul suffer from high costs, congestion and other problems," says Kim Young Jip, spokesman for the Presidential Committee on Balanced National Development.

이 새로운 시대의 기획자는 경남 출신이고 기존 서울 엘리트층의 일원이 아니었던 노무현 대통령이다.

그는 행정수도를 서울에서 지리적 중심지로 이전하겠다는 공약을 내세워 2002년 대통령 선거에서 승리했다.

올해 그는 4백억 달러의 비용이 들어가는 행정수도 건설 후보지를 지정할 것이다. 2007년부터 건설되는 행정수도는 고속철도가 지나갈 예정이다.

새로운 행정수도는 부동산 가격 하락과 일자리 유출을 두려워하는 서울 사람들이 반대 입장을 보였고, 남부 지방 사람들은 지지 입장을 보였다.

서울은 현재 한국 영토의 12%를 차지하고 있지만 한국 경제 생산량의 거의 절반을 차지하고 있다.

“지방 사람들은 희망이 없고, 서울 사람들에게는 높은 물가, 혼잡 등의 다른 문제들로 고통스러워한다.”라고 김영집 국가균형발전 위원회의 대변인은 말했다.

The problem with the train as a political vehicle is that it runs two ways.

Built over 12 years at a cost of $12 billion and modeled on the TGV of France, the KTX will open for regular traffic in April, and Seoul-Busan travel time will be cut by half, to 2.5 hours.

The grand plan includes branch lines that will cut the maximum travel time between any two stop in South Korea to just three hours and, in theory, unite the often fractious provinces as never before.

What remains unclear is whether the government can ensure that the train will carry development away from the capital, not to it.

정치적 운송수단으로서의 문제는 그것이 양방향으로 운행된다는 것이다.

12년이 넘게 120억 달러의 비용이 투입되고 프랑스의 TGV 모델을 도입한 KTX는 4월 정규 운행을 시작할 예정이며 서울-부 산의 여행시간을 현재의 절반인 2시간 30분으로 단축시킬 것이다.

이 대 계획에는 국내 어떠한 두 지점의 최대 여행시간도 3시간으로 단축시킬 것이고, 이론상으로는 이 전에는 가기 어려운 지방까지 갈 수 있을 것이다.

확실치 않은 점은 정부가 그 기차가 수도로부터 발전을 실어오는 것이 아니라 실어가도록 보장할 수 있느냐는 것이다.

No one disputes that South korea is uncomfortably concentrated.

In four decades of breathless postwar development, previous regimes favored the capital and largely ignored the provinces.

Regional universities now face bankruptcy as students flee to Seoul, where more jobs are available.

Firms looking for talent thus also have reason to settle in the capital, leaving only farming jobs in the countryside.

Traffic congestion costs South Korea an estimated $20 billion a year in lost working hours, or 3.7 percent of GDP.

Military brass worry that in the event of conflict with North Korea, some 22 million citizens are within easy range of artillery ranged across the DMZ.

한국은 불편할 정도로 발전이 편중되어 있지만 누구도 이의를 제기하는 사람은 없다.

전쟁 이후 40년간 숨 가쁘게 발전해 오면서 역대 정권들은 수도를 선호하고 지방을 외면했다.

지방의 대학들은 일자리가 많은 서울로 학생들이 빠져나가면서 현재 파산에 직면해 있다.

재능 있는 인재들을 찾는 회사들 역시 수도에 몰려들다 보니 지방에 남은 일이라고는 농사 밖게 없다.

교통 체증으로 인하여 근로시간의 손실을 돈으로 환산하면 2백억 달러, GDP의 3.7%나 된다.

한국군 장교들은 북한과 충돌이 발생하면 2천2백만 국민이 쉽게 북한의 미사일의 사정권 안에 들어간다고 우려한다.

With fewer people and a lot less money, the provinces are deterioration rapidly; rural areas are filled with deserted houses.

The rural population is aging fast as younger people swarm to Seoul.

Theaters, shopping malls and hospitals are hard to find.

While Seoul apartments are now as expensive as those in Tokyo or New York, property prices in the provinces have remained unchanged for a decade.

In effect, there are not just two Korea, but two South Koreas.

"The comparative feeling of deprivation in regional areas has grown to threaten national unity," says Kim of the presidential committee.

인구도 적고 재정도 부족한 지방들은 급속도로 악화되고 있다. 농촌 지역에는 빈집이 수두룩하다.

농촌인구들은 청년들이 대거 서울로 몰려가면서 급속히 고령화되고 있다.

극장, 쇼핑몰, 병원들은 찾아보기 힘들다.

서울의 아파트는 이제 도쿄나 뉴욕처럼 값비싸진 반면에 지방의 부동산 가격은 10년 동안 변함이 없다.

결과적으로 한반도만 두 개인 것이 아니가 남한도 두 개인 것이다.

“지방의 상대적인 박탈감이 국민 화합을 위협할 정도로 커지고 있다.” 라고 대통령 위원회가 말했다.

The rivalry between Seoul and the provinces goes back to warring medieval kingdoms and still animates Korean politics.

Roh's promise to move the capital was critical to his victory in the 2002 election.

He won the national vote by only two percentage points, largely on the strength of an 11 percent margin of victory in centural Chungchong province, where the new capital will be located.

It is perhaps no accident that the bullet train is due to launch on April 1, two weeks before the next legislative election and at a time when Roh's decentralization plans are gaining speed.

In December, the government passed three legislative bills that will speed up capital relocation and promote provincial schools and industries through tax and other incentives.

중세 왕권 다툼으로부터 시작된 서울과 지방간의 경제의식은 여전히 한국 정치에 남아있다.

2002 대선에서 노무현의 수도이전 공약은 그의 승리에 결정적인 역할을 했다.

그는 대선에서 겨우 2% 차이로 승리하였다. 새로 수도가 들어설 충청 지방에서의 11%의 원조를 받아 여유롭게 승리하였다.

아마 총선 2주 전이자 지방분권화 계획이 가속화되는 시기인 4월 1일에 총알열차(KTX)가 개통되는 것은 우연은 아닐 것이 다.

12월 정부는 세제 및 다른 혜택들을 통해 수도 이전을 가속화시키고, 지방학교와 산업을 활성화시킬 3개의 법안을 통과시켰다.

The natural drawing power of the capital remains formidable, however.

Skeptics warn that the new bullet train will make it easier for people living within 150km of seoul to pop into the city to visit the theater or the hospital, and could end up further concentrating services in the capital.

Some analysts believe that the train will spread rather than ease congestion, swelling the size of smaller cities between Seoul and the new capital and eventually creating one megalopolis.

"They're a risk that the current round shape of Greater Seoul will become a long oval shape," says Lee Sang Moon, a professor of city planning at Hyupsung University.

그러나 수도의 무서움은 여전히 막강하다.

회의론자들은 새로운 총알 열차(KTX)가 서울 주변 150km 이내에 거주하는 사람들이 극장이나 병원을 찾아 서울로 오는 것이 더 쉬워짐으로써 결과적으로 수도에 각종 서비스를 집중시킬 수도 있다고 경고한다.

일부 분석가들은 열차가 인구 밀집을 완화시키기보다는 서울과 새 행정수도 사이의중소 도시들의 크기를 확대시켜 결국 거대도 시을 형성할 것이라고 믿는다.

“그들은 수도권의 큰 둥그런 모양이 긴 계란형으로 될 위험이 있다”라고 협성대 도시설계 교수인 이상문은 말했다.

This may already be happening.

The governments of cities and provinces surrounding Seoul have plans to build or expand about 20 small cities, threatening to attract more people to Greater Seoul.

These schemes are largely beyond the reach of the central government.

The most ambitious is a $20 billion plan to build a major business hub ("bigger than Boston," promoters say) at Songdo, 30 kilometers west of Seoul, with international convention and trade centers, hotels, hospitals and universities.

Meanwhile, companies are pressuring the government to ease regulations on business activities around the capital.

Samsung, South Korea's largest firm, is pushing for the expansion of a major plant just south of Seoul - a plan that has long been rejected by authorities trying to forestall further economic concentration.

이런 현상은 이미 일어나고 있을지도 모른다.

서울 주변의 도시와 지방의 정부는 20개의 작은 도시들은 만들거나 확대할 계획을 갖고 있어 수도권의 인구를 유입할 것이다.

이러한 계획들은 중앙 정부의 관활권에 멀리 벗어나 있다.

가장 야심찬 계획은 서울 서쪽 30km의 송도에 2백억 달러를 투입하여 국제 회의장, 무역 센터, 호텔, 병원, 대학 등이 있는 보스턴보다 더 큰 규모의 비즈니스 허브를 건설한다는 계획이다.

그 사이 기업들은 수도 주변의 비즈니스 활동의 규제를 완화하도록 정부에 압력을 넣고 있다.

남한의 최대 기업인 삼성은 서울 남쪽에 있는 큰 공장의 확장을 추진 중이다. 그 계획은 경제의 집중을 막으려는 당국에 의해 오랫동안 거부되어왔다.

The biggest concern regarding the new capital is that it threatens to complicate an even larger Korean rift: the one between South and North.

Despite ongoing tensions over the North's nuclear program, the South Korean government is still hopeful that reunification can ultimately be managed peacefully.

Critics of the decentralization plan note that Seoul is ideally located between the two Koreas - a potential capital for a reunified peninsula.

There is, of course, a simple way to make the North feel closer to the new capital: extend the bullet train to Pyongyang.

But that's time travel into the future.

신 행정수도와 관련하여 가장 크게 관여하는 것은 남북 분단이 더 복잡해질 수 있다는 것이다.

북한의 핵프로그램을둘러싼 긴장 상태에도불구하고남한정부는궁극적으로통일이 평화적으로 달성될 수 있다는희망을여전 히 가지고 있다.

분산 계획에 비판적인 사람들은 서울이 통일된 한반도의 잠재적 수도로 두 한국 사이에서 이상적인 위치에 있다고 지적한다.

물론 북한이 새 수도를 좀 더 가깝게 느끼게 만드는 간단한 방법이 있다. 총알 열차(KTX)를 평양까지 연결하는 것이다.

그러나 그것은 미래로 가는 시간여행인 것 같다.

UNIT 35

Rome is starting to lose its priceless archeological legacy to neglect, and a lack of attention and funds.

by Barbie Nadeau

In A.D. 64 Nero built his palatial golden palace, the Domus Aurea, sparing no expense in the most elaborate display of decadence Rome had ever seen.

Frescoes adorned the walls of its 150 rooms, inlaid with precious gems and exotic seachells.

The ceilings were of carved ivory, and guests who attended his orgiastic feasts were showered with rose petals and misted with perfume.

After Nero took his life in 68, Romans pillaged its riches.

The famed Colosseum and the palaces of succeeding emperors arose on its ruins.

But to this day, the remnants of the Domus Aurea have epitomized the excesses - and glories - of the Eternal City.

서기 64년 네로황제는 황금궁전 도무스 아우레아를 지었다. 로마가 지금까지 보지 못한 퇴폐의 극치로 비용을 아끼지 않았다.

귀중한 보석과 이국적인 조개껍질로 세공한 150개의 방의 벽은 프레스코화로 장식했다.

천장은 상아 조각이었고, 그의 잔치에 초대받은 사람들은 장미 꽃잎과 향수 세례를 받았다.

네로 황제가 68세에 죽고 나서, 로마인들은 그의 재산을 약탈했다.

그 잔해 위에 유명한 콜로세움과 후대 황제들의 궁전이 세워졌다.

그러나 오늘날까지 도무스 아우레아의 유물은 영원한 도시의 지나친 낭비와 영광을 가져온다.

Lately, they've also come to symbolize the short-comings of modern Rome.

On Dec. 13, the ruins of the Domus Aurea were closed after authorities discovered that a neglected water leak had so undermined the structure's foundation as to endanger the entire edifice.

Italy's Culture minister, Rocco Buttiglione, pointed an accusatory finger.

The Italian government's indifference, he said, is jeopardizing many if not most of the country's archeological treasures.

The chief problem? Money. "Rome is a huge open-air museum," Buttiglione proclaimed.

"We are managing it with reduced personnel and budget constraints, and Italy must decide. Do we want to preserve our immense cultural heritage, or not?“

최근에는 그들은 현대 로마의 결점까지 상징하게 되었다.

12월 13일 도무스 아우레아는 당국의 누수 방치가 구조의 기초가 훼손되어 구조물 전체가 위험에 처했다며 폐쇄했다.

이탈리아 문화장관 로코 부틸리오네는 비난의 화살을 쏘았다.

이탈리아 정부의 무관심 때문에 나라의 많은 고대 유물들이 위태롭다 라고 말했다.

가장 큰 문제는 돈이다. “로마는 거대한 옥외 박물관이다” 라고 부틸리오네 선언했다.

“우리는 감소된 인원과 한정된 예산으로 박물관을 관리하고 이탈리아 사람들은 우리가 방대한 문화유산을 보존할지 말지를 결정 해야 한다.”

With so rich an archeological legacy - the underpinnings of Italy's immense tourist industry - cutting budgetary corners on historic preservation might not seem smart.

But over the last five years, Silvio Berlusconi's center-right government has done just that.

Its proposed 2006 budget calls for a 35 percent cut in funding for arts and architectural preservation, from €464 million to €300 million.

The Domus Aurea, likely to be closed for at least two years, is not the only casually.

Rome's archeological superintendent, Angelo Bottini, warns of similar problem at other neglected site.

He points specifically to the Palatine Hill, where a 10-meter chunk of an ancient wall slid down a slope into the Roman Forum last month, as well as to the Baths of Caracalla, where one segment of the ruin is on the verge of collapse.

Emergency repairs to the Domus Aurea are projected to cost €5 million.

But Bottini, who spends his time juggling potential disasters, estimates that he needs an additional €260 million to shore up other sites.

"We don't even know what surprises are next," he adds.

방대한 이탈리아 관광 산업의 중주인 고대 유물이 풍부한 나라에서 문화제 보존에 예산을 줄인다는 것은 현명치 않아 보인다.

그러나 지난 5년 동안 실비오 베를루스코니의 중도우파 정부는 그렇게 해왔다.

2006 예산에서는 예술과 건축물 보존비용을 4억6천400만 유로에서 3억 유료로 35% 적게 책정했다.

지난 2년간 폐쇄 될 듯한 도무스 아우레아는 결코 우연히 일어난 것이 아니다.

로마의 고고학 감독(문화재 관리청장)의 앤젤로 보티니는 관리가 부실한 다른 유적지에서도 비슷한 문제가 우려된다고 경고했 다.

그는 특히 팔라티노 언덕을 지목했다. 그곳은 지난해 10m 길이의 고대 담장의 덩어리가 미끄러지면서 Roman Forum(포로 로 마노)에 떨어진 곳이다. 일부의 유물이 붕괴되기 직전인 카라칼라 목욕탕도 마찬가지이다.

도무스 아우레아의 긴급 수리비용으로 500 만 유로로 계획되었다.

그러나 잠재적 재앙을 가까스로 막는데 시간을 쓰고 있는 보티니는 다른 유적지를 보수하는 데는 추가적으로 2억 6천만 유로가 필요하다고 추산했다.

“우리는 다음에 무엇이 우리를 놀라게 할지 모른다” 그를 덧붙였다.

Cleary, Italy's cultural finances are a shambles.

State aid has grown so scanty that many heritage sites must pay for themselves though ticket sales.

The Colosseum and Palatine Hill, among Rome's most popular sites, receive more than 3.5 million visitors a year at an average €8 a ticket.

But last year's €21 million in revenues went almost entirely to paying salaries and utilities, with little left for general maintenance.

The Domus Aurea was Rome's third most-visited paid site last year, receiving 155,000 visitors.

Like it, the Baths of Caracalla, drawing 211,000 visitors a year, may also soon close for safety reasons growing out of an inability to fund repairs.

In desperation, Bottini is urging the Culture Ministry to start collection an entrance fee for free sites like the Roman Forum, which has charged no admission for the past eight years in an effort to open the city's history to those on restricted incomes.

"There's no choice," says Bottini, explaining that without raising visitation charges "we can't afford to keep sites safe.“

명백히 이탈리아의 문화 재정은 형편없다.

국가 보조가 빈약해지면서 문화 유적지가 입장권 판매를 통해서 자립적인 재정에 나서야 한다.

로마의 가장 인기 있는 유적지인 콜로세움과 파라티노 언덕의 입장권은 8유로이고 해마다 350만 명 이상의 관광객을 받는다.

그러나 작년수입의 2천백만유로는 거의 직원들의 월급과공익비(전기, 수도등의)로 나갔으며 보수 유지비로 쓸돈은 거의 남아있지 않다.

작년 도무스 아우레아를 찾은 관광객은 15만 5천명으로 입장료가 로마의 세 번째로 많았다.

그와 마찬가지로 해마다 21만천명이 찾는 카라칼라의 목욕탕은 관리비 조달 불능이 되면서 안전상 이유로 폐쇄될 지도 모른다.

절망에 빠진 보티니는 포로 로마노(Roman Forum)같은 무료 유적지의 입장에도 요금을 받도록 문화부에 요청했다.

“선택의 여지가 없다” 라고 보티니는 말했고 입장료를 받지 않으면 “우리는 안전하게 보존할 방법이 없다” 라고 설명했다.

Italy's cultural cuts are not restricted to the country's dilapidated archeological monuments.

Increasingly, they are spreading to the performing arts as well.

Italy's 13 opera houses receive far less in government subsidies than in other countries, says Stephane Lissner of La Scala in Milan.

In 2005 La Scala received €46 million; by contrast, the paris Opera got €94 million and Vienna's Staatsoper was granted €51.5 million.

Last month, opera stars Barbara Vignudelli of La Scala and Manola Colangeli from the Teatro dell'Opera in Rome joined a hunger strike by artists protesting the cut.

(Each lost more than 10 pounds, requiring new costumes.)

Directors of the houses sponsored concerts of famous requiems by Mozart and Verdi.

Warns Lissner: " The entire art world in Italy is in danger.“

이탈리아 문화비용 삭감은 황폐한 고대 유물에만 국한된 것이 아니다.

그것들은( 문화비용 삭감) 공연 분야로 점점 퍼지는 추세다

이탈리아의 13개 오페라 하우스는 다른 나라보다 정부 지원을 적게 받는다. 라고 밀란 라스칼라(La Scala)의 스테파네 리스 네르가 말했다.

2005년 라스칼라(La Scala)는 4천5백만 유로를 받았다. 대조적으로 파리 오페라는 9천4백만 유로를 받았고, 비엔나의 슈타 츠오페르(Staatsope)는 5천1 백50만 유로를 지원받았다.

지난 달 라스칼라(La Scala)의 오페라 스타 바바라 비뉴델리와 로마 테아트로 델오페라는 보조금 삭감에 항의하는 예술가들 의 단식투쟁에 동참했다.

(두 사람 모두 10파운드가 넘게 빠져서 새로운 의상을 필요로 한다.)

오페라 하우스의 지휘자들은 모차르트와 베르디의 유명한 레퀴엠(망자를 위한 미사곡) 연주회를 후원했다.

리스네르는 경고했다. “이탈리아의 예술계 전체는 위험에 빠졌다.”

The government says it has little choice but to stick to its proposed budget.

Berlusconi has to eliminate €16 billion in spending in order to trim the country's deficit from 4.3 percent of GDP in 2005 to 3.8 percent in 2006, still above the 3 percent guideline set by the European Union.

But arts supporters claim the cuts are distributed unfairly.

Otherwise profitable soccer teams and national TV stations(in which the prime minister holds personal stakes) will continue to receive generous subsides under the new budget.

That's especially angered Buttiglione, who threatens to quit if arts aren't made a priority.

"The resources are totally insufficient," he complains.

정부는 선택의 여지없이 예산안을 고수하는 도리밖에 없다고 말했다.

베를루스코니는 예산 적자를 균형 잡히게 하기 위해선 2005년 GDP 4.3%에서 2006년 3.8%가 되도록 지출을 160억 유료에 서 삭감해야 한다. 여전히 유럽연합이 정한 기준치에서 3% 앞섰다.

그러나 예술 후원인들은 예산삭감의 분배가 불공평하다고 주장했다

반면에, 돈을많이버는축구팀과 국영 방송국(총리가 개인지분을 보유하는)은여전히 새예산안에서도 풍부한지원을지속적으로 받게 된다.

부틸리오네는 그 점에 특히 분노하면서, 예술의 우선권을 주지 않는다면 사임하겠다고 위협하였다

“자원의 전적인 부족” 이라고 그는 불평했다.

Berlusconi, meanwhile, dismisses such protests as "absolutely useless - a tired old ritual that will have no impact whatsoever."

How apt. According to legend, Nero fiddled (playing his lyre, actually) as he watched the fire of A.D. 64 that cleared the quarter where he intended to build his Domus Aurea - deaf to the calls of Romans begging him to save the city's treasures.

Who's fiddling now?

한편 베를로스코니는 그런 항의를 “ 전혀 쓸모없는 무엇에도 영향을 미칠 수 없는 진부한 의식” 이라고 일축했다.

적절한 방법이다. 전설에 따르면, 로마의 유물을 보존하려고 애원하는 로마인들의 청원에는 귀를 막은 채 네로 황제는 서기 64 년의 도무스 아우레아를 지을 터의 1/4이 불타는 것을 구경하면서 바이올린(실제로는 수금을 탔다)을 켰다고 한다.

지금은 누가 바이올린을 켜는가?

UNIT 37

Will EU membership destroy a traditional way of life?

By William Underhill

For Szczepan Master, 62, self-sufficiency is the rule on his tiny farm in view of the Tatra mountains of southern Poland.

The makeshift barn attached to his house shelters a few pigs, goats and a cow, as well as chickens and rabbits for the pot.

Guests can expect homemade cheese and butter on the table.

Earning a living requires round-the-clock effort, but his wife and children help with the chores.

"The income isn't big," says Master, "but there's great psychological satisfaction."

폴란드 남부의 타트라 산맥이 보이는 62세 스케펜 마스테르의 작은 농장에서는 자급자족의 원칙이 지켜지고 있다.

그 간이 헛간에서는 몇몇의 닭, 토끼, 돼지, 염소와 소를 식용으로 사육하고 있다.

손님들은 집에서 만든 치즈와 버터를 기대할 수 있다.

생활비 마련을 위해 밤낮으로 일해야 하지만 그의 부인과 아이들이 일손을 보태고 있다.

“수입은 많지 않지만, 정신적 만족감은 크다” 라고 마스테르는 말했다.

These days, though, Master talks of selling his pigs.

Two cows are already gone, and a whole way of life may soon follow.

The reason: Poland's new membership in the European Union.

Suddenly, the pressure is on to adopt the same industrial-scale agriculture that has transformed the country's affluent Western neighbors.

And that, in turn, could signal the gradual disappearance of a centuries-old way of life for tens of thousands of Poland's peasant farmers.

요즘 마스테르는 돼지를 팔까 생각하고 있다.

두 마리의 소는 이미 처분했고 조만간 생활방식이 전부 바뀔 수도 있다.

이유는 폴란드가 유럽연합에 가입했기 때문이다.

갑자기 서유럽 부국들의 대규모 농업 방식을 채택해야 한다는 압력이 가해지고 있다.

그리고 이번에는 수세기동안 폴란드 영세농의 생활방식이 점차 사라지게 할 수도 있다.

What an irony. Almost alone in Eastern Europe, Poland escaped the huge collectivizations enforced elsewhere under communism.

Instead, land was carved into narrow strips to be shared out among villagers.

Today Poland boasts nearly 2 million farms, averaging just 7.2 hectares each - less than a fifth the size of a typical French or British farm.

Don't look for shiny new tractors and harvesters, either.

Horses often haul Polish plows and carts. And environmentally damaging chemical fertilizers are almost unknown.

아이러니가 아닐 수 없다. 거의 동유럽에서 폴란드는 공산주의 시절에 강제된 집단농장 체제를 벗어난 유일한 국가였다.

그 대신에 땅은 마을사람들이 좁게 분할하여 소유하였다.

오늘날 폴란드는 보통 프랑스나 영국의 농장에 1/5도 안되는 크기 이지만 평균 크기가 각각 7.2헥타르 정도인 거의 2만개의 농장이있다.

최신식 트랙터나 수확기는 보이지도 않는다.

대개 말이 끄는 재래식 쟁기와 수레를 사용하고 환경파괴적인 화학 비료는 거의 사용되지 않는다.

To be sure, the EU offers some enticing rewards, not least access to the rich markets of Western Europe and fat agricultural subsidies from Brussels.

Farm incomes should rise 35 percent over the next year, according to government estimates - which explains why most farmers voted to join, says Krzysztof Mularczyk of the Foundation for the Development of Polish Agriculture.

물론 EU가 제공하는 부유한 서부유럽 시장으로의 진출과 브뤼셀로부터의 농업 보조금 등의 혜택들이 마음을 끄는 건 사실이다.

정부의에 의하면 1년간 농가 소등이 35% 증가할 것으로 추정하고 이것이 대부분의 농부들이 EU가입에 찬성표를 낸 이유라고 폴란드 농업 개방 창단의 크지시토프 물라르치크는 말했다

Longer term, however, Poles must learn to compete in the broader European market. EU hygiene standards, previously unknown in Poland, must be complied with.

By some accounts, Poles have already slaughtered thousands of cattle rather than meet EU rules on documentation.

Meanwhile, foreigners, most notably the Danes and Dutch, are lining up to buy cheap Polish farmland.

Aging Polish farmers, who are strapped for cash and whose children are opting for the cities, can be pardoned for selling.

Experts foresee the start of a long process of consolidation.

"If Poland still has 500,000 farms in 20 years," says Mularczyk, "that will be a lot."

그러나 장기적으로 폴란드 사람들은 더 넓은 유럽시장에서 살아남는 법을 배워야 한다. 폴란드에서 이전에는 몰랐던 EU의 위생기준을 따라야 한다.

폴란드 사람들은 이미

한편 덴마크인과 네덜란드 인들은 값싼 폴란드의 농지를 사려고 줄을 서고 있다.

현금이 부족하고 자녀들이 도시를 선택한 노령화된 폴란드 농부들이 땅을 팔아도 눈감아 줘야 한다.

전문가들은 오랜 합병 과정의 시작이라고 예측했다.

“만약 20년 후에 폴란드에 농장이 50만개가 있다면 많이 남아있는 것일 것이다.”

That prospect is causing disquiet.

Poland's fast-growing populist party Samoobrona, or Self-Defense, led by fierce Euroskeptic Andrzej Lepper, draws much of its support from Poles alarmed at the pace of change in rural life.

In the past, protests organized by Samoobrona have blocked roads and railways carrying imported German grain.

With unemployment at about 20 percent, many argue, Poland can ill afford the loss of farming jobs.

그런 전망은 마음의 평온을 잃게 만든다.

폴란드는 격렬하게 유럽 연합의 강대화에 회의적인 안제이 레페가 이끄는 자위당(Self-Defense, Samoobrina)에 의해변화를 우려하는 폴란드 사람들의 지지를 모으며 급성장하고 있다.

과거 자위당(Samoobrona에 의해 결성된 조직)은 독일산 곡물 운송에 사용되는 도로와 철로를 봉쇄하는 시위를 벌이기도 했다.

많은 이들은 20%의 실업률에 대해서 농촌의 일자리까지 줄어들면 폴란드는 견디기 어려울 것이라고 주장한다.

The loudest complaints come from the country's small but growing eco-lobby.

The introduction of West European farming not only threatens to displace Poland's peasants but could destroy one of the last and largest of Europe's ecologically pristine regions.

Bigger, richer farms will surely mean the wider use of chemicals and other destructive elements of industrial agriculture.

"If the small farms die out, the landscape will be changed completely," says Dorota Metera, who represents the World Conservation Union in Warsaw.

The Polish countryside, she says, has maintained the kind of natural diversity that's been sacrificed to the interests of agribusiness elsewhere in Europe.

Wolves and bears still roam the patch of primeval forest on the country's eastern borders.

Amid the famed Mazurian lakes and elsewhere, farmland is scattered with small ponds and untended fields and forests that offer ideal habitats for a hugely varied range of birds and insects that are vanishing elsewhere.

가장 거센 저항은 작지만 성장하고 있는 환경단체들이다.

서부유럽의 농업방식을 도입하면 폴란드의 농부들을 위협하는 것뿐만 아니라 몇 안되는 유럽의 생태계 보존 지역 중 하나를 파괴할 수도 있다.

농장이 더 크고 부유해지면 물론 화학비료나 다른 농업발전의 파괴적인 요소를 더 많이 사용하게 된다는 의미일 것이다.

“만약 작은 농장들이 없어지면 농촌 풍경은 완전히 바뀔 것이다.”라고 바르샤바(Warsaw)의 국제환경보전단체 대표 도로타 메타라는 말했다.

그녀는 유럽에서 다른 곳의 농장으로 관심사가 사라져 버린 자연의 다양한 종류의 것들이 폴란드 시골에서는 유지되고 있다고 말했다.

폴란드 동쪽 국경지대의 원시림에는 아직도 늑대와 곰이 살고 있다.

유명한 맞추리안호(Mazurian lakes) 일대에는 흩어져있는 농경지들 사이에 작은 연못과 개간되지 않은 들판, 숲이 있는데 다른 곳에 서는 멸종된 여러 종류의 새와 곤충의 이상적인 서식지가 되었다.

Understandably, the farmers' first concern is for their livelihoods, rather than the countryside.

Besides, the risks aren't at once apparent, says Pavel Sidlow of the Polish Society for the Protection of Birds: "If you have grown up with such diversity all around you, then you just can't imagine it disappearing."

But the experience of Western Europe should promote caution, conservationists argue.

Since 1980 the number of farm birds in Western Europe has dropped by a third, mostly through the heavy use of chemicals and the draining of ancient wetlands.

농부들의 일차적 관심사는 오히려 환경보다는 생계이다.

게다가 그 위험을 인식하고 있는 것이 아니다. 라고 폴란드 조류 보호단체의 파벨 시들로우는 말했다. “만약 너의 모든 환경에서 그러한 다양한 것들과 성장하였다면 그때 너는 그것이 사라지는 것을 상상할 수 없을 것이다.”

그러나 자연보호론자들은 서유럽의 사례를 주의 삼아 진척시켜야 한다고 주장했다.

1980년 이래 서유럽의 농가 서식 조류의 수는 대게 과도한 화학비료의 사용과 습지대 매립에 의하여 1/3이나 감소했다.

Salvation might lie in making a strength of Poland's weakness.

The poverty that prevented the widespread use of chemicals means that, by default, much of the country's produce is organic - a potential boon as demand for untainted food soars across the Continent.

"It's a question of grabbing our opportunity," says Kinga Boenneng of the Heinrich Boll Foundation in Warsaw, which promotes green causes.

The snag could be the farmers' own attitudes.

The experience of communist rule left them leery of the kind of collective activism needed to survive modern agrocapitalism.

.But without it, the EU could well achieve what communism didn't - the end of Poland's land-owning peasantry.

폴란드의 약점이 강점으로 활용될 수도 있다.

가난으로 화학비료를 많이 사용하지는 못했지만 이는 폴란드의 농산품은 유기농이라는 의미이다. 이것은 유럽에서 무공해 식품에 대한 수요의 급증으로부터의 이익을 기대할 수 있다.

“그것이 우리가 기회를 잡을지는 의문이다.”라고 바르샤바(Warsaw) 헤인리치 볼의 설립자인 킨가 보에넹(Kinga Boenneng)가 말했다.

농민들의 태도가 걸림돌이 될 수 있다.

현대 농업자본주의에서 살아남으려면 집단행동이 필요한데 공산정권을 경험한 농부들은 이를 경계한다.

그러나 그것 없이 공산주의가 하지 못했던 것(폴란드 농가의 끝)을 EU 하게 되는 것이다.